Study on incident laser modulation using surface micro-defects on KH₂PO₄ crystal

KH2PO4 crystal is a crucial optical component of inertial confinement fusion.Modulation of an incident laser by surface micro-defects will induce the growth of surface damage,which largely restricts the enhancement of the laser induced damage threshold.The modulation of an incident laser by using different kinds of surface defects are simulated by employing the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method.The results indicate that after the modulation of surface defects,the light intensity distribution inside the crystal is badly distorted,with the light intensity enhanced symmetrically.The relations between modulation properties and defect geometries(e.g.,width,morphology,and depth of defects) are quite different for different defects.The modulation action is most obvious when the width of surface defects reaches 1.064 μm.For defects with smooth morphology,such as spherical pits,the degree of modulation is the smallest and the light intensity distribution seems relatively uniform.The degree of modulation increases rapidly with the increase of the depth of surface defects and becomes stable when the depth reaches a critical value.The critical depth is 1.064 μm for cuboid pits and radial cracks,while for ellipsoidal pits the value depends on both the width and the length of the defects.     

Effect of the substrate ferroelastic transition on epitaxial La<Subscript>0.7</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>0.3</Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript> films grown on LaAlO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Thin films of La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (001)LaAlO₃ crystals. High resolution X-ray diffraction analysis proves the presence of twins in the films at room temperature, showing that the twin structure of the substrate which forms at the ferroelastic transition at T_F = 813 K served as a template for the film microstructure. Magnetic measurements indicate a thermomagnetic irreversibility which is ascribed to the quenched disorder related to twinning and discussed in terms of coexisting ferromagnetic and spin disordered regions connected with the undeformed domain cores and strained domain walls respectively.     

12th National Conference on Nuclear Structure and the 8th Symposium on Nuclear Structure

The 12th National Conference on Nuclear Structure and the 8th Symposium on Nuclear Structure, hosted by Southwest University and organized by the Nuclear Structure Committee of the Chinese Nuclear Physics Society, China Center of Advanced     

Effect of an electron beam on CaF<Subscript>2</Subscript> and BaF<Subscript>2</Subscript> epitaxial layers on Si

Atomically smooth CaF₂ and BaF₂ layers have been sequentially grown on Si(111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Pore macrodefects have been revealed at the points of the action of an electron beam from a diffractometer when analyzing the crystal structure of the surface during the growth with the subsequent observation using atomic force microscopy. The formation of these macrodefects is associated with the decomposition of fluorides by high-energy electrons, which is accompanied by the desorption of fluorine and the drift current of positive ions from the electron charge drains.     

Comments on “Scale-free networks without growth”

In [Y.-B. Xie, T. Zhou, B.-H. Wang, Scale-free networks without growth, Physica A 387 (2008) 1683-1688], a nongrowing scale-free network model has been introduced, which shows that the degree distribution of the model varies from the power-law form to the Poisson form as the free parameter α increases, and indicates that the growth may not be necessary for a scale-free network structure to emerge. However, the model implicitly assumes that self-loops and multiple-links are allowed in the model and counted in the degree distribution. In many real-life networks, such an assumption may not be reasonable. We showed here that the degree distribution of the emergent network does not obey a power-law form if self-loops and multiple-links are allowed in the model but not counted in the degree distribution. We also observed the same result when self-loops and multiple-links are not allowed in the model. Furthermore, we showed that the effect of self-loops and multiple-links on the degree distribution weakens as α increases and even becomes negligible when α is sufficiently large.     

Note on Higgs Decay into Two Photons H → γγ

The Higgs decay H →γγ due to the virtual W-loop effect is revisited in the unitary gauge by using the symmetry-preserving and divergent-behavior-preserving loop regularization method,which is realized in the fourdimensional space-time without changing original theory.Though the one-loop amplitude of H →γγ is finite as the Higgs boson in the standard model has no direct interaction with the massless photons at tree level,it involves both tensor-type and scalar-type divergent integrals which can in general destroy the gauge invariance without imposing a proper regularization scheme to make them well-defined.As the loop regularization scheme can ensure the consistency conditions between the regularized tensor-type and scalar-type divergent irreducible loop integrals to preserve gauge invariance,we explicitly show the absence of decoupling in the limit M W /M H → 0 and obtain a result agreeing exactly with the earlier one in the literature.We then clarify the discrepancy of the earlier result from the recent one obtained by R.Gastmans,S.L.Wu and T.T.Wu.The advantage of calculation in the unitary gauge becomes manifest in that the non-decoupling arises from the longitudinal contribution of the W gauge boson.     

Effect of PVA addition on formation of spray-deposited Sm<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>CoO<Subscript>3</Subscript> thin films on CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> substrates

Nano-crystalline films of Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃ (SSC) have been formed on CeO₂ substrates by spraying stoichiometric aqueous solution containing Sm, Sr, and Co ions. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) addition as a complexing agent in spray solution on stoichiometry, crystallite size, morphology, and transport properties of film are studied. The results showed that the SSC cathode had maximum crystallite size for 40% PVA addition. Electrical performance of film decreases with decrease in the particle size, while the electronic to ionic predominance transition temperature decreases with decreasing particle size. These films are studied for their potential application as a cathodic material in developing intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells.     

Investigation on LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode material based on the precursor of nickel-manganese compound for lithium-ion battery

The high-voltage spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LNMO) with submicron particle size (LNMO-850₅P700₁₀) has been synthesized based on nickel-manganese compound, which is obtained from pre-sintering the nickel-manganese hydroxide precipitation at 850 °C. The LNMO materials based on nickel-manganese hydroxide (LNMO-700₁₀, LNMO-850₅700₁₀, and LNMO-850₁₀700₁₀) have also been synthesized for comparison to study the pre-sintering impact on the properties of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material. The morphologies and structures of the obtained samples have been analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The nickel-manganese compound has a spinel structure with high crystallinity, making it a good precursor to form high-performance LNMO with lower content of Mn³⁺ and impurity. The obtained LNMO-850₅P700₁₀ delivers discharge capacities of 125.4 mA h g^?1 at 0.2 C, and the capacity retention of 15 C reaches 73.8 % of the capacity retention of 0.2? C. Furthermore, it shows a superior cyclability with the capacity retention of 96.4 % after 150 cycles at 5 ?C. Compared with the synthesis method without pre-sintering, the synthesis method with pre-sintering can save energy while reaching the same discharge specific capacity.     

A comment on “The Photon Momentum”

In the paper “The Photon Momentum” [1], Dr. Umul makes the erroneous assumption that a photon can be absorbed by a free electron and then discusses the paradoxical consequences of this assumption. In this comment the correct physics is discussed (i.e. Compton scattering [2]).     

Cells studies on PEO/PEG/NaClO<Subscript>3</Subscript> thin-film electrolyte system based on composite V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> electrode

The thin-film solid polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) with sodium chlorite (NaClO₃) has been prepared by a solution-cast technique. The electrolyte was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), cyclic voltammetry, alternating current conductivity, and Wagner’s polarization studies. The complexation of NaClO₃ with PEO was confirmed through the XRD and IR studies. The transference number measurement has shown that the ion transport is predominant over electrons in the polymer electrolytes (t _ions ≈ 0.94). The conductivity enhancement was observed in the case of the PEO/NaClO₃ system with the addition of plasticizers (low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, organic solvents propylene carbonate and dimethyl formamide. Cyclic voltammetry analysis showed the stability and redox character of the electrolyte and electrode. Finally, polymer electrolyte systems were examined by electrochemical cell studies using V₂O₅ and composite V₂O₅ cathode at temperature of 35 °C. Overall, the plasticized electrolyte shows a better electrochemical performance, and a higher discharge capacity was observed in composite V₂O₅-based cells over V₂O₅-based cells.     

Carbon monoxide sensors based on SnO<Subscript>x</Subscript> nanoparticles

Sensors highly sensitive to CO gas that are based on Ag-doped SnO₂ nanoparticles are shown to be a feasibility. The structure and composition of the respective films versus the SnO₂ nanoparticle size are studied. The electrical parameters of the sensor materials are measured. It is shown that exposure of the nanostructured films to carbon monoxide considerably decreases their resistance and shifts the frequency of a maximum in the impedance curves toward lower values. Specific features of the IR reflection spectra in the range of excitation of carbon and oxygen atom vibrations are revealed.     

Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanosquaresheets grown on Si substrate

A novel morphology of Bi₂O₃ nanomaterial (nanosquaresheets) has been successfully synthesized in large area by thermal evaporation of commercial Bi₂O₃ powder at high temperatures. The Bi₂O₃ nanosquaresheets (NSSs) are perfect regular squares and have sharp, uniform edges. The typical length of the sides is in the range of 200–600 nm. The thickness varies from 30 to 100 nm. Electron microscopy observations show that the Bi₂O₃ NSSs are single crystalline. The growth of Bi₂O₃ NSSs is probably controlled by a vapor–solid mechanism. The dominate growth directions are [2̄10] and [1̄2̄2] within the (245) planes. PACS 81.05.Hd; 81.10.Bk; 81.16.Be     

Influence of storage time on laser cleaning of SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on Si

The influence of the ‘storage time’ τ_s on the threshold fluence φ_cl and the efficiency in dry laser cleaning is investigated. τ_s denotes the time between the deposition of particles and the cleaning. As a model system we employed silica spheres with diameters of 500 nm and 1500 nm on commercial silicon wafers and single-pulse KrF excimer laser radiation (τ_FWHM=28 ns). For the 1500-nm silica spheres, φ_cl was found to increase from about 65 mJ/cm² to 125 mJ/cm² for storage times of 4 h and 362 h, respectively. For 500-nm silica spheres the increase in the threshold fluence was less than 20% for storage times up to 386 h. Received: 12 July 2002 / Accepted: 12 July 2002 / Published online: 29 January 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. E-mail:dieter.baeurle@jku.at     

Reply to “Comment on ‘Ensemble Kalman filter with the unscented transform”’

This is a reply to the comment of Dr. Sakov on the work “Ensemble Kalman filter with the unscented transform” of Luo and Moroz (2009) [2].     

Contact potential measurements on “clean” CdS surfaces

Contact potential difference (cpd) measurements were carried out on {112&#x0304;} surfaces of high conductivity CdS cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum. A modified Kelvin method was employed. A change in cpd upon illumination with white light (surface photovoltage) was observed, indicating the presence of intrinsic surface states in these surfaces. Long exposure (about 24 hr) to water vapor (2 × 10⁻⁸ torr) caused an increase of about 1.0 V in cpd and a reduction in surface photovoltage. This increase in cpd was attributed primarily to a decrease in the electron affinity of the surfaces brought about by the molecular dipole moment of physically adsorbed water molecules. The “clean” surfaces exhibited no appreciable affinitity for spectroscopically pure oxygen, except under white light illumination apparently due to the increase of the density free electrons at the surface.