低温悬浮聚合法合成超高聚合度的聚乙烯醇

以偶氮二异庚腈(ADMVN)为引发剂,通过悬浮聚合法合成聚醋酸乙烯(PVAc),PVAc经醇解制备超高聚合度(Pn)的聚乙烯醇(PVA)。实验结果显示较适宜的反应条件为:VAc 80 g,V(H2O)∶V(VAc)=1∶1,cADMVN=0.1%(以VAc质量计),悬浮剂浓度(cPVA-2288)=1.5%(以水质量计),搅拌速度(r)300 rmp,于30℃反应24 h,单体VAc的转化率超过90%,PnPVA为4.0×103~6.6×103。cPVA-2288和r是影响PVAc颗粒直径(DPVAc)及其分布的主要因素:DPVAc∝[cPVA-2288]-1.45,DPVAc∝r-1.79。     

聚醋酸乙烯酯和共聚物大分子引发剂引发异丁烯正离子接枝共聚合反应

以AIBN为引发剂,通过自由基聚合方法先合成一定分子量(Mn=1.9×104g mol)和分子量分布(MWD,Mw Mn<2.5)的聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)和醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)与醋酸异丙烯酯(IPAc)的无规共聚物聚(PVIPA).再以PVAc或PVIPA作为大分子引发剂,与共引发剂TiCl4配合,引发异丁烯进行正离子接枝共聚反应,并分别考察大分子引发剂用量、TiCl4浓度以及添加剂2,6二叔丁基吡啶(DtBP)或2甲基吡啶(MPY)对异丁烯聚合转化率和PVIPA或PVAc引发效率的影响,并进一步表征接枝共聚物的微观结构与组成含量.实验结果表明,PVIPA和PVAc可引发异丁烯进行正离子接枝共聚反应,前者的引发效率高于后者.加入适量DtBP或MPY时,可不同程度地提高引发效率.DtBP对减少聚合体系中微量水的引发和提高PVAc引发效率的作用更为明显,引发效率可达90%以上,加入适量添加剂MPY时,PVIPA引发效率可达60%左右.适当增加大分子引发剂用量和TiCl4浓度,也可提高PVIPA的引发效率至接近70%.在合适的实验条件下,可以得到极性主链为PVIPA与非极性支链为聚异丁烯(35.2%mol)的接枝共聚物PVIPA g PIB,该接枝共聚物的Mn为3.7×104g mol,分布指数MWD为2.52,且PIB支链平均分子量约为5.4×103g mol.     

无乳化剂乳液聚合制备高分子量聚乙烯醇

通过无乳化剂乳液聚合方法, 采用氧化还原引发体系制备了超高分子量的聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc), 继而醇解为超高分子量的聚乙烯醇(PVA). 研究了聚合温度、引发剂浓度、单体转化率对PVA的分子量和分子结构的影响. 探讨了线性高分子量PVA结构的控制方法. 结果表明, 利用无乳化剂乳液聚合可以实现在室温(14~20 ℃)制备出聚合度为9899的高分子量的PVA, 聚合过程对PVA的分子量和结构均有显著的影响. 在无乳化剂乳液聚合恒速聚合区得到的聚合物分子量较高, 分子量分布窄, 且结构比较规整, 而在加速区, PVAc的支化和交联现象显著, 最终会对PVA的线性程度产生很大影响. 因此, 可以通过聚合过程来控制PVA的分子量和链结构.     

采用新型引发剂乳液聚合法合成高相对分子质量聚乙烯醇

采用新型引发剂偶氮二异(N-胺乙基)丁脒(ABEA)对醋酸乙烯酯的低温乳液聚合进行了研究。通过正交试验得出了高相对分子质量聚醋酸乙烯酯的最佳工艺配方。讨论了引发剂浓度、反应温度和乳化剂浓度对聚合物相对分子质量和转化率的影响。对高相对分子质量聚醋酸乙烯酯醇解工艺进行了探讨,并获得了聚合度为3500~4000的聚乙烯醇。     

PVA-g-PS复合微球的制备与粒径控制研究

由链转移自由基聚合与端基置换反应法,合成了苯乙稀基单封端的聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)大分子单体,使其与苯乙烯在乙醇/水的混合介质中进行自由基分散共聚,得到了表面以PVAc为接枝链的聚苯乙烯(PVAc-g-PSt)微球。将所得微球在碱性条件下醇解,形成了以亲水性聚乙烯醇(PVA)为壳、聚苯乙烯为核的复合微球(PVAc-g-PSt)。用核磁共振对聚合物的结构进行表征,定出了PVAc末端双键的含量;并用激光光散射、扫描电子显微镜对微球的粒径与形态进行了表征。研究结果表明,在共聚反应体系中大分子单体的分子量与浓度、苯乙烯浓度、引发剂浓度及溶剂的组成对微球的形态和粒径大小有明显影响。     

Sn(Ⅳ)-PAN极谱络合吸附波的研究

在乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液中(pH 4.4),锡与1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚(PAN)形成电活性络合物,在单扫描极谱仪上,于-0.61 V(vs.SCE)处产生一灵敏的导数极谱波,其峰电流与5.0×10-9~2.0×10-6mol.L-1锡浓度呈线性关系,检出限达2.0×10-9mol.L-1。用等摩尔连续变化法测得络合物的摩尔比为nSn(Ⅳ)∶nPAN=1∶2。机理研究表明,极谱波为吸附在电极表面的络合物中PAN还原产生。此法可用于测定罐头食品中锡,测定结果的RSD值小于4%,回收率为98%~103%。     

2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-1,5-苯二酚光度法测定银的研究

研究了2 (2 喹啉偶氮) 1,5 苯二酚(QADHB)试剂与银的显色反应,在pH 5.0的柠檬酸氢氧化钠缓冲(内含0. 01 mol·L-1 的Na2EDTA)介质中,十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)存在下,QADHB与银反应生成2∶1 稳定的络合物,λmax=550 nm,ε=6.56×104L·mol-1·cm-1。银含量在0~30μg/25 mL内符合比耳定律,方法用于环境水样中银含量的测定,结果满意。     

曲利本红分光光度法测定氨基糖苷类抗生素

在pH2.8~7.0的条件下,曲利本红(TR)与硫酸妥布霉素(TOB)、硫酸庆大霉素(GEN)和硫酸新霉素(NEO)等氨基糖苷类抗生素反应生成红色离子缔合物,最大显色波长位于392nm(NEO、GEN)和570nm(TOB),不同体系的线性范围从0~14.0mg.L-1至0~16.0mg.L-1,摩尔吸光系数(ε)在7.65×103~1.40×104L.mol-1.cm-1之间;最大褪色波长位于502nm(NEO)和498nm(GEN、TOB),线性范围从0~13.0mg.L-1至0~16.0mg.L-1,摩尔吸光系数(ε)在4.02×103~9.32×103L.mol-1.cm-1之间。当用双波长叠加法测定时,ε值在1.46×104~2.67×104L.mol-1.cm-1之间。探讨了适宜的反应条件及主要的分析化学性质。该法用于市售药物中氨基糖苷类抗生素含量的测定,结果满意。     

水相沉淀聚合法合成超高相对分子质量聚醋酸乙烯

以N,N,N,′N′-四甲基乙二胺-过硫酸钾为氧化-还原引发体系,用水相沉淀聚合法合成了超高相对分子质量的聚醋酸乙烯(PVAc)。研究了引发剂浓度、反应温度、单体与水用量比、转化率等对聚合反应的影响。其结构用IR表征,相对分子质量及其分布和支化度用GPC测定。结果表明,醋酸乙烯最终转化率为90%~95%,PVAc的平均聚合度为8 000~15 000,相对分子质量分布指数为2.12~2.24,支化度为2.10~2.80。     

聚乙烯醇/丙烯酸共聚物水凝胶的制备及溶胀性

制备了具有pH敏感性的聚乙烯醇(PVA)/丙烯酸(AA)共聚物水凝胶,研究了PVA与AA之间配比、交联剂、引发剂用量对凝胶转化率的影响,对水凝胶的溶胀行为和pH敏感性也进行了详细研究.实验表明PVA与AA的质量比为(1∶9)~(3∶7)之间时,引发剂和交联剂分别为PVA和AA总量的0.2%和0.3%时,凝胶转化率高.随着水溶液pH值从3增加到9,凝胶的溶胀比也相应的增加,表现出明显的pH敏感性.     

Synthesis of poly(vinyl acetate-methyl methacrylate) copolymer microspheres using suspension polymerization

Poly(vinyl acetate-methyl methacrylate) (VAc-MMA) copolymer microspheres were prepared using suspension polymerization at low temperature initiated with 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) (ADMVN). The poly(VAc-MMA) copolymer microspheres can be used over a large area where homopolymers, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and methyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres are capable of being put to use. The prepared microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Obtained copolymer microspheres which have 200 μm average diameter and higher thermal stability than those of homopolymer.     

Low temperature suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate using 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) for the preparation of high molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) with high yield

 To obtain high molecular weight (HMW) poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) with high conversion and high linearity for a precursor of HMW poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), vinyl acetate (VAc) was suspension-poly-merized using a low-temperature initiator, 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) (ADMVN), and the effects of polymerization conditions on the polymerization behavior and molecular structures of PVAc and PVA prepared by saponifying PVAc were investigated. On the whole, the experimental results well corres-ponded to the theoretically predicted tendencies. Suspension polymerization was slightly inferior to bulk polymerization in increasing molecular weight of PVA. In contrast, the former was absolutely superior to the latter in increasing conversion of the polymer, which indicated that the suspension polymerization rate of VAc was faster than the bulk one. These effects could be explained by a kinetic order of ADMVN concentration calculated by initial-rate method and an activation energy difference of polymerization obtained from the Arrhenius plot. Suspension polymerization at 30 °C by adopting ADMVN proved to be successful in obtaining PVA of HMW (number-average degree of polymerization (P _n)): (4200–5800) and of high yield (ultimate conversion of VAc into PVAc: 85–95%) with diminishing heat generated during polymerization. In the case of bulk polymerization of VAc at the same conditions, maximum P _n and conversion of 5200–6200 and 20–30% was obtained, respectively. The P _n, lightness, and syndiotacticity were higher with PVA prepared from PVAc polymerized at lower temperatures. Received: 10 February 1998 Accepted: 15 April 1998     

Thermal curing and water re‐exposure of silane–PVA/PVAc complex film on glass fiber surface

Because glass fiber reinforced composites are in industrial demand, chemistry and topography of the glass fiber sizing are of interest. Silane–PVA/PVAc (polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl acetate) complex film on the glass fiber surface is studied during thermal curing and water re‐exposure by using atomic force microscopy. The complex film consists of silane with the honeycomb structure film and PVA/PVAc with the hexagonal close pack structure of ellipsoidal shaped microspheres (270 × 620 nm). The thermal curing at 100 °C is leading to the evaporation of water contained in the microspheres. Because of water evaporation, the average roughness value of 1‐min thermal curing decreases from initial 7.3 to only 2.7 nm. Such a collapse of microsphere is followed by an intermixing between silane film and PVA/PVAc microspheres leading to a change of silane honeycomb structure along with silane tips. The average value of the silane honeycomb structure wall width decreases from 144 nm to 54 nm, for curing times of 15 and 30 min, respectively. A re‐exposure to an aqueous environment after 100 °C curing leads to almost completely restored microspheres regarding shape and size. The average complex film thickness increases from 180 nm for thermal curing for 30 min to 225 nm for water re‐exposed film. Interestingly, the pits in the microsphere structure are observed presumably because of the tips from intermixing. The thermal curing at 200 °C enhances the intermixing, and after 15 min, an intramixing is suggested to occur between PVAc core and PVA shell of the microsphere. The water re‐exposure after 15 min of 200 °C curing leads to a re‐containing of water but without restored microsphere structure; Because of the intramixing, leaving the silane–PVA/PVAc film is not complex anymore. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丙烯酸甲酯与醋酸乙烯酯的种子乳液聚合

以过硫酸铵（ＡＰＳ） 为引发剂,合成了粒径分布较均匀的聚醋酸乙烯酯种子乳液（ＰＶＡｃ） ,然后以丙烯酸甲酯（ ＭＡ） 为第二单体和以油溶性偶氮二异丁腈（ＡＩＢＡ） 为引发剂,分别进行不溶胀与溶胀条件下的无皂种子乳液聚合,并用透射电子显微镜（ＴＥＭ） 表征了胶粒形态．表明在不溶胀条件下,胶粒形态随ＰＶＡｃ／ ＭＡ 重量比的不同而变化,当ＰＶＡｃ／ ＭＡ 为１／２ 时,形成以ＰＭＡ 为核,ＰＶＡｃ 为壳的胶粒．在溶胀条件下则得到类似互穿网络型乳胶粒．     

Synthesis of high-molecular-weight poly(vinyl alcohol) with high yield by novel one-batch suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate and saponification

Generally, owing to tautomerism of vinyl alcohol monomer, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cannot be obtained by direct polymerization but it can be obtained by the saponification of poly(vinyl ester) precursors such as poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). In this study, to obtain high-molecular-weight (HMW) PVA with high yield through a one-batch method, we tried continuous saponification of PVAc prepared by suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc). We controlled various polymerization conditions, such as polymerization temperature, initiator concentration, suspending agent concentration, agitation speed, and VAc/water ratio, and obtained PVAc with a maximum conversion of VAc into PVAc of over 95-98%. PVA beads having various molecular parameters were prepared by continuous saponification of PVAc microspheres. Despite our employing a one-batch process, a maximum degree of saponification of 99.9% could be obtained. Continuous heterogeneous saponification of prepared PVAc yielded HMW PVA having a number-average degree of polymerization of 2,500-5,500, a syndiotactic diad content of 51-52%, and degree of saponification of 85.0-99.9%.     

Role of grafting in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with poly(vinyl alcohol) as an emulsifier. I. Effect of the degree of blockiness on the kinetics and mechanism of grafting

The role of grafting in particle nucleation during the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as an emulsifier and potassium persulfate as an initiator was investigated. The polymerizations were carried out in batch with a low solids (10%) recipe. An automated reaction calorimeter (Mettler RC1) was used for the direct monitoring of the kinetics of emulsion polymerizations with three medium molecular weight PVAs differing in their degrees of blockiness (Poval 217EE > 217E > 217). Smith–Ewart case 1 kinetics (average number of free radicals per particle < 0.5) were followed in all cases, and no constant rate in interval II was observed. Contrary to what was expected, a nonlinear relationship was observed between the rate of polymerization (R_p) and the number of particles (N_p). At R_{p max,} N_p (217E) > N_p (217EE) > N_p (217), and the final N_p was independent of the degree of blockiness of PVA. The particle size distributions were broad (particle diameter = 20–100 nm) and bimodal. On the basis of these data, we concluded that particle nucleation was continuous and was accompanied by extensive limited aggregation during the particle growth stages. The evolution of the amounts of grafted PVA and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) were determined in polymerizations employing the two PVAs differing the most in blockiness (Poval 217EE and 217). The grafted PVAc followed similar profiles, increasing with conversion, particularly near the end of the two reactions. The amounts of grafted PVAc were about the same in the final latexes (37–39%). In contrast, the grafting of PVA was nearly complete by the time monomer droplets had disappeared in each reaction (25% conversion). However, the extent of grafting differed significantly, with the blockier PVA having about one‐third the grafting of the more random PVA (～10% vs ～30%). In these low solids recipes, grafting appeared to be primarily a solution event, occurring predominantly in the aqueous phase and not at the particle/water interface, as was previously speculated. The PVAc grafts grew until the molecules became water‐insoluble and precipitated, forming polymer particles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3633–3654, 2001     

Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate at Low Temperatures

Polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) was carried out with potassium persulfate (KS) and ammonium sulfite as redox initiator in the presence of acetonitrile for the purpose of preparation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) of desired degree of polymerization (DP). The PVA obtained by this method at 0°C showed higher DP and lower solubility in water. It was observed that acetonitrile was a useful chain transfer agent in this polymerization system. It was also observed that ZnCl₂ accelerated the polymerization of VAc and the over-all activation energy of polymerization was 9.73 Kcal/mol. However, the stereoregularity of PVA obtained by the saponification of PVAc in this system was not improved by the presence of ZnCl₂.     

Characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) during the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate using poly(vinyl alcohol) as emulsifier

During the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as stabilizer and potassium persulfate as initiator, the VAc reacts with PVA forming PVA-graft-PVAc. When the grafted polymer reaches a critical size it becomes water-insoluble and precipitates from the aqueous phase contributing to the formation of polymer particles. Since particle formation and therefore the properties of the final latex will depend on the degree of grafting, it is important to quantify and to characterize the grafted PVA. In this work, the quantitative separation and characterization of the grafted water-insoluble PVA was carried out by a two-step selective solubilization of the PVAc latex, first with acetonitrile to separate PVAc homopolymer, followed by water to separate the water-soluble PVA from the remaining acetonitrile-insoluble material. After the separation, the water-soluble and water-insoluble PVA were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, from which the details of the PVA-graft-PVAc structure were obtained. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Formation Mechanism of a Silane‐PVA/PVAc Complex Film on a Glass Fiber Surface

Mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced composite materials are affected by fiber sizing. A complex film formation, based on a silane film and PVA/PVAc (polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl acetate) microspheres on a glass fiber surface is determined at 1) the nanoscale by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and 2) the macroscale by using the zeta potential. Silane groups strongly bind through the Si? O? Si bond to the glass surface, which provides the attachment mechanism as a coupling agent. The silane groups form islands, a homogeneous film, as well as empty sites. The average roughness of the silanized surface is 6.5 nm, whereas it is only 0.6 nm for the non‐silanized surface. The silane film vertically penetrates in a honeycomb fashion from the glass surface through the deposited PVA/PVAc microspheres to form a hexagonal close pack structure. The silane film not only penetrates, but also deforms the PVA/PVAc microspheres from the spherical shape in a dispersion to a ellipsoidal shape on the surface with average dimensions of 300/600 nm. The surface area value S_a represents an area of PVA/PVAc microspheres that are not affected by the silane penetration. The areas are found to be 0.2, 0.08, and 0.03 μm² if the ellipsoid sizes are 320/570, 300/610, and 270/620 nm for silane concentrations of 0, 3.8, and 7.2 μg mL^?1, respectively. The silane film also moves PVA/PVAc microspheres in the process of complex film formation, from the low silane concentration areas to the complex film area providing enough silane groups to stabilize the structure. The values for the residual silane honeycomb structure heights (H_a) are 6.5, 7, and 12 nm for silane concentrations of 3.8, 7.2, and 14.3 μg mL^?1, respectively. The pH‐dependent zeta‐potential results suggest a specific role of the silane groups with effects on the glass fiber surface and also on the PVA/PVAc microspheres. The non‐silanized glass fiber surface and the silane film have similar zeta potentials ranging from ?64 to ?12 mV at pH’s of 10.5 and 3, respectively. The zeta potentials for the PVA/PVAc microspheres on the glass fiber surface and within the silane film significantly decrease and range from ?25 to ?5 mV. The shapes of the pH‐dependent zeta potentials are different in the cases of silane groups over a pH range from 7 to 4. A triple‐layer model is used to fit the non‐silanized glass surface and the silane film. The value of the surface‐site density for Γ_Xglass and Γ_Xsilane, in which X denotes the Al? O? Si group, differs by a factor of 10^?4, which suggests an effective coupling of the silane film. A soft‐layer model is used to fit the silane‐PVA/PVAc complex film, which is approximated as four layers. Such a simplification and compensation of the microsphere shape gives an approximation of the relevant widths of the layers as the follows: 1) the layer of the silane groups makes up 10 % of the total length (27 nm), 2) the layer of the first PVA shell contributes 30 % to the total length (81 nm), 3) the layer of the PVAc core contributes 30 % to the total length (81 nm), and finally 4) the layer of the second PVA shell provides 30 % of the total length (81 nm). The coverage simulation resulted in a value of 0.4, which corresponds with the assumption of low‐order coverage, and is supported by the AFM scans. Correlating the results of the AFM scans, and the zeta potentials sheds some light on the formation mechanism of the silane‐PVA/PVAc complex film.