不同应力分量下广义开尔文模型粘性系数探讨

对不同应力分量下的广义开尔文模型应力应变关系进行了研究,推导了在不同应力分量下的广义开尔文模型的粘性应变增量计算式;通过对这些粘性应变增量计算式的比较分析,得到结论:对于线性粘弹性模型,当应力张量引起粘性变形的规律与应力偏量和球应力分别引起粘性变形的规律相同时,它们的系数满足关系式Ek/ηk=Gsk/ηsk=Kmk/ηmk;否则,这个关系式不成立.现有文献采用应力张量表示的粘性变形有限元计算式隐含假定了球应力与应力偏量产生的粘性变形规律相同.对于复杂的工程材料而言,这种假定并不总是合适的.这在工程问题粘性分析时值得注意.     

空间桁架结构大位移问题的有限元分析方法

本文基于总体拉格朗日坐标描述法,采用Ｋｉｒｃｈｏｆｆ应力张量和Ｇｒｅｅｎ应变张量定义,导出了严格意义下的杆单元增量列式,计算表明本文方法可以有效用于空间桁架结构大位移问题分析。     

一种非局部弹塑性连续体模型与裂纹尖端附近的应力分布

本文提出一种非局部弹塑性连续体模型。在这个模型中,应力与弹性应变之间为非局部线性关系,而塑性应变与总应变历史相联系。对于形变理论,假定塑性应变张量与总应变偏量张量成比例,其比例因子是总有效应变的标量函数。将这一模型用于分析幂硬化弹塑性材料拉伸型裂纹尖端附近的应力场,利用经典断裂力学中所得的拉伸型裂纹尖端HRR奇性解的结果,在一维简化计算下导出了裂纹正前方的拉应力分布和最大拉应力的表达式,证明临界J积分准则可由非局部最大拉应力准则得到。用已有的实验数据计算了几种钢材在裂纹起始扩展时裂纹尖端附近的最大拉应力,发现其量级与晶格内聚强度相近。所得结果对于理解材料断裂过程的物理机理是有益的。     

纤维复合材料的弹粘塑性行为体分比与应变率的影响

利用微观力学方法研究了纤维增复合材料的弹塑性行为，着重分析了纤维体分比和加载应变率对以金属基为主的复合材料应力－应变关系的影响。给出了不同体分比的Ｇｒａｐｈｉｔｅ／Ｔｉｔａｎｉｕｍ复合材料在不同常应变率下的应力－应变关系曲线，对这两种因素的影响进行了比较分析。     

以Atluri应力和左伸长张量为共轭变量的有限弹性广义变分原理

本文提出了以Atluri应力张量和左伸长张量为共轭应力应变量的有限弹性变形广义变分原理。     

拉－扭复合加载下不锈钢的弹塑性本构关系——Ⅱ．理论

提出应力是塑性应变空间内蕴几何学参数的泛函．一般情况下，塑性应变空间是非欧几何空间，而其度量张量是塑性应变和其历史的函数，但在初始各向同性和不可压的情况下可取成欧氏空间．本文在Ｉｌｙｕｓｈｉｎ理论，和Ｖａｌａｎｉｓ理论的基础上，提出在拉－扭复合加载下的εｐ１－εｐ３空间中新的积分型弹塑性本构关系，所建理论预测的结果和实验［１］相当一致，表明理论是合理的     

拉－扭复合加载下不锈钢的弹塑性本构关系——Ⅱ．理论

提出应力是塑性应变空间内蕴几何学参数的泛函．一般情况下，塑性应变空间是非欧几何空间，而其度量张量是塑性应变和其历史的函数，但在初始各向同性和不可压的情况下可取成欧氏空间．本文在Ｉｌｙｕｓｈｉｎ理论，和Ｖａｌａｎｉｓ理论的基础上，提出在拉－扭复合加载下的εｐ１－εｐ３空间中新的积分型弹塑性本构关系，所建理论预测的结果和实验［１］相当一致，表明理论是合理的     

粘弹性大变形动力响应的有限元分析

本文基于ＴｏｔａｌＬａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ增量叠加方法，采用Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ应力增量和Ｇｒｅｅｎ应变增量表示的动力虚功方程和Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ应力－Ｇｒｅｅｎ应变的单积分型本构关系，导出粘弹性大变形的动力变分方程。依此采用Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ法和八节点轴对称等参数元与二十节点三维等参数元编制了轴对称及三维问题的动力响应计算程序，典型例题的计算结果表明分析符合结构的物理性质。     

粘弹性大变形动力响应的有限元分析

本文基于Ｔｏｔａｌ Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ增量叠加方法，采用Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ应力增量和Ｇｒｅｅｎ应变增量表示的动力虚功方程和Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ应力－Ｇｒｅｅｎ应变的单积分型本构关系，导出粘弹性大变形的动力变分方程。依此采用Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ法和八节点轴对称等参数元与二十节点三维等参数元编制了轴对称及三维问题的动力响应计算程序，典型例题的计算结果表明分析符合结构的物理性质。     

应变几何理论在应力函数张量研究中的应用

本文应用应变几何理论的结果研究了一般应力函数张量的性质,给出了应力函数张量的“确定性”,导出了内力系(或边界力系)主矢与主矩由应力函数张量的闭线积分确定的公式.     

A thermodynamically-consistent microplane model for shape memory alloys

In microplane theory, it is assumed that a macroscopic stress tensor is projected to the microplane stresses. It is also assumed that 1D constitutive laws are defined for associated stress and strain components on all microplanes passing through a material point. The macroscopic strain tensor is obtained by strain integration on microplanes of all orientations at a point by using a homogenization process. Traditionally, microplane formulation has been based on the Volumetric–Deviatoric–Tangential split and macroscopic strain tensor was derived using the principle of complementary virtual work. It has been shown that this formulation could violate the second law of thermodynamics in some loading conditions. The present paper focuses on modeling of shape memory alloys using microplane formulation in a thermodynamically-consistent framework. To this end, a free energy potential is defined at the microplane level. Integrating this potential over all orientations provides the macroscopic free energy. Based on this free energy, a new formulation based on Volumetric–Deviatoric split is proposed. This formulation in a thermodynamic-consistent framework captures the behavior of shape memory alloys. Using experimental results for various loading conditions, the validity of the model has been verified.     

Nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymer melts in different types of flow

The nonlinear viscoelastic properties of a fairly large class of polymeric fluids can be described with the factorable single integral constitutive equation. For this class of fluids, a connection between the rheological behaviour in different flow geometries can be defined if the strain tensor (or the damping function) is expressed as a function of the invariants of a tensor which describes the macroscopic strain, such as the Finger tensor. A number of these expressions, proposed in the literature, are tested on the basis of the measuring data for a low-density polyethylene melt. In the factorable BKZ constitutive equation the strain-energy function must be expressed as a function of the invariants of the Finger tensor. The paper demonstrates that the strain-energy function can be calculated from the simple shear and simple elongation strain measures, if it is assumed to be of the shape proposed by Valanis and Landel. The measuring data for the LDPE melt indicate that the Valanis-Landel hypothesis concerning the shape of the strainenergy function is probably not valid for polymer melts.     

Load-induced oriented damage and anisotropy of rock-like materials

Theoretical model for deformability of brittle rock-like materials in the presence of an oriented damage of their internal structure is formulated and verified experimentally. This model is based on the assumption that non-linearity of the stress–strain curves of these materials is a result of irreversible process of oriented damage growth. It was also assumed that a material response, represented by the strain tensor, is a function of two tensorial variables: the stress tensor and the damage effect tensor that is responsible for the current state of the internal structure of the material. The explicit form of the respective non-linear stress–strain relations that account for the appropriate damage evolution equation was obtained by employing the theory of tensor function representations and by using the results of own experiments on damage growth. Such an oriented damage that grows in the material, described by the second order symmetric damage effect tensor, results in gradual development of the material anisotropy. The validity of the constitutive equations proposed was verified by using the available experimental results for concrete subjected to the plane state of stress. The relevant experimental data for sandstone and concrete subjected to tri-axial state of stress were also used.     

Some results for approximate strain and rotation tensor formulations in geometrically non-linear Reissner-Mindlin plate theory

Finite element deflection and stress results are presented for four flat plate configurations and are computed using kinematically approximate (rotation tensor, strain tensor or both) non-linear Reissner-Mindlin plate models. The finite element model is based on a mixed variational principle and has both displacement and force field variables. High order interpolation of the field variables is possible through p-type discretization. Results for some of the higher order approximate models are given for what appears to be the first time. It is found that for the class of example problems examined, exact strain tensor but approximate rotation tensor theories can significantly improve the solution over approximate strain tensor models such as the von Kármán and moderate rotation models when moderate deflections/rotations are present. However, for each of the problems examined (with the exception of a postbuckling problem) the von Kármán and moderate rotation model results compared favorably with the higher order models for deflection magnitudes which could be reasonably expected in typical aeroelastic configurations.     

General invariant representations of the constitutive equations for isotropic nonlinearly elastic materials

This paper develops general invariant representations of the constitutive equations for isotropic nonlinearly elastic materials. Different sets of mutually orthogonal unit tensor bases are constructed from the strain argument tensor by using the representation theorem and corresponding irreducible invariants are defined. Their relations and geometrical interpretations are established in three dimensional principal space. It is shown that the constitutive law linking the stress and strain tensors is revealed to be a simple relationship between two vectors in the principal space. Relative to two different sets of the basis tensors, the constitutive equations are transformed according to the transformation rule of vectors. When a potential function is assumed to exist, the vector associated with the stress tensor is expressed in terms of its gradient with respect to the vector associated with the strain tensor. The Hill’s stability condition is shown to be that the scalar product of the increment of those two vectors must be positive. When potential function exists, it becomes to be that the 3 × 3 constitutive matrix derived from its second order derivative with respect to the vector associated with the strain must be positive definite. By decomposing the second order symmetric tensor space into the direct sum of a coaxial tensor subspace and another one orthogonal to it, the closed form representations for the fourth order tangent operator and its inversion are derived in an extremely simple way.     

Determination of the Infinitesimal Strain Tensor from Shears and Elongations

It is assumed that at a point P in a body, the longitudinal strains (elongations) along three non-coplanar directions are known from observation and that the shears of the three pairs of infinitesimal material line elements along the three non-coplanar directions are also known. With this information the strain tensor e at P is determined explicitly. The strain tensor e takes a simpler form in the special case when the three shears are zero. This simpler form is precisely the form obtained by Boulanger and Hayes in their study (Boulanger and Hayes, Proc R Ir Acad 103A:113–141, 2003) of the consequences of writing the displacement gradient at P as the sum of a skew symmetric tensor and a tensor with three real eigenvalues. The special case when the three elongations are zero is also considered. Dedicated to Franz Ziegler on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.     

A nonlocal strain gradient plasticity theory for finite deformations

Strain gradient plasticity for finite deformations is addressed within the framework of nonlocal continuum thermodynamics, featured by the concepts of (nonlocality) energy residual and globally simple material. The plastic strain gradient is assumed to be physically meaningful in the domain of particle isoclinic configurations (with the director vector triad constant both in space and time), whereas the objective notion of corotational gradient makes it possible to compute the plastic strain gradient in any domain of particle intermediate configurations. A phenomenological elastic–plastic constitutive model is presented, with mixed kinematic/isotropic hardening laws in the form of PDEs and related higher order boundary conditions (including those associated with the moving elastic/plastic boundary). Two fourth-order projection tensor operators, functions of the elastic and plastic strain states, are shown to relate the skew-symmetric parts of the Mandel stress and back stress to the related symmetric parts. Consistent with the thermodynamic restrictions therein derived, the flow laws for rate-independent associative plasticity are formulated in a six-dimensional tensor space in terms of symmetric parts of Mandel stresses and related work-conjugate generalized plastic strain rates. A simple shear problem application is presented for illustrative purposes.     

Wave propagation in 3-D poroelastic media including gradient effects

In the framework of the theory of mixtures, the governing equations of motion of a fluid-saturated poroelastic medium including microstructural (for both the solid and the fluid) and micro-inertia (for the solid) effects are derived. This is accomplished by appropriately combining the conservation of mass and linear momentum equations with the constitutive equations for both the solid and the fluid constituents. The solid is assumed to be gradient elastic, that is, its stress tensor depends on the strain and the second gradient of strain tensor. The fluid is assumed to have an analogous behavior, that is, its stress tensor depends on the pressure and the second gradient of pressure. A micro-inertia term in the form of the second gradient of the acceleration of the solid is also included in the equations of motion. The equations of motion in three dimensions are seven equations with seven unknowns, the six displacement components for the solid and the fluid and the pore-fluid pressure. Because of the microstructural effects, the order of these equations is two degrees higher than in the classical case. Application of the divergence and the rot operations on these equations enable one to study the propagation of plane harmonic waves in the infinitely extended medium separately in the form of dilatational and rotational dispersive waves. The effects of the microstructure and the micro-inertia on the dispersion curves are determined and discussed.     

Elastoplastic deformation of elements of an isotropic solid along paths of small curvature: Constitutive equations incorporating the stress mode

Constitutive equations relating the components of the stress tensor in a Eulerian coordinate system and the linear components of the finite-strain tensor are derived. These stress and strain measures are energy-consistent. It is assumed that the stress deviator is coaxial with the plastic-strain differential deviator and that the first invariants of the stress and strain tensors are in a nonlinear relationship. In the case of combined elastoplastic deformation of elements of the body, this relationship, as well as the relationship between the second invariants of the stress and strain deviators, is determined from fundamental tests on a tubular specimen subjected to proportional loading at several values of stress mode angle (the third invariant of the stress deviator). Methods to individualize these relationships are proposed. The initial assumptions are experimentally validated. The constitutive equations derived underlie an algorithm for solving boundary-value problems __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 43–55, June 2007.     

Plane-Strain Fracture with Curvature-Dependent Surface Tension: Mixed-Mode Loading

There have been a number of recent papers by various authors addressing static fracture in the setting of the linearized theory of elasticity in the bulk augmented by a model for surface mechanics on fracture surfaces with the goal of developing a fracture theory in which stresses and strains remain bounded at crack-tips without recourse to the introduction of a crack-tip cohesive-zone or process-zone. In this context, surface mechanics refers to viewing interfaces separating distinct material phases as dividing surfaces, in the sense of Gibbs, endowed with excess physical properties such as internal energy, entropy and stress. One model for the mechanics of fracture surfaces that has received much recent attention is based upon the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity model. However, it has been shown recently that while this model removes the strong (square-root) crack-tip stress/strain singularity, it replaces it with a weak (logarithmic) one. A simpler model for surface stress assumes that the surface stress tensor is Eulerian, consisting only of surface tension. If surface tension is assumed to be a material constant and the classical fracture boundary condition is replaced by the jump momentum balance relations on crack surfaces, it has been shown that the classical strong (square-root) crack-tip stress/strain singularity is removed and replaced by a weak, logarithmic singularity. If, in addition, surface tension is assumed to have a (linearized) dependence upon the crack-surface mean-curvature, it has been shown for pure mode I (opening mode), the logarithmic stress/strain singularity is removed leaving bounded crack-tip stresses and strains. However, it has been shown that curvature-dependent surface tension is insufficient for removing the logarithmic singularity for mixed mode (mode I, mode II) cracks. The purpose of this note is to demonstrate that a simple modification of the curvature-dependent surface tension model leads to bounded crack-tip stresses and strains under mixed mode I and mode II loading.