Identifying a dot-matrix hologram by checking the intersecting angles of its gratings

Three features about the intersecting state of two gratings are used to identify dot-matrix holograms created by two-beam writers in this paper. The first feature is the intersection angle of the fringes of two gratings. The second feature is the ratio of the pitches of two lowest-order moiré-patterns formed by overlapping two gratings. The third feature is the length ratio of the two diagonal lines of a parallelogram constructed by two neighboring fringes of a first grating and two neighboring fringes of a second grating. All the three features are equivalent, i.e. they are all relative to the intersection angle of two gratings. Because the grating orientations of grating dots cannot be accurately reproduced for the orientation uncertainties of the components used by a two-beam writer, the intersection angles of the gratings of grating dots cannot be easily counterfeited. Therefore, the proposed methods are practical and feasible for the anti-counterfeiting applications of dot-matrix holograms.     

Control of the tuning of reference fringes in the interference pattern of changes in the object state in the optical processing of holograms and photographic images with the same spatial carrier

The condition of obtaining undistorted reference fringes when processing a pair of superimposed holograms or photographic images with a constant carrier frequency of bands due to their relative rotation or tilt is obtained. It is shown that the degree of fringe distortion is determined by the combined action of aberrations and the value of the parameter being measured. The technique of an arbitrary tuning of reference fringes is described, which makes it possible to eliminate the relative shift of holograms or photographic images. Experimental results obtained by the optical processing of photographic images of projected fringes are presented.     

点阵全息图衍射效率的测量

提出了测量点阵全息图衍射效率的测试方法和相应的光学系统,其优点在于巧妙让零级与正负二级不能进入聚光系统,只有正负一级可以被记录,并且这种测试方法不受被测点干涉条纹方向变化的影响。并给了几种点阵全息防伪标识的测试结果。     

Crystallographic fringe orientation diffraction efficiency in bismuth silicon oxide

We report the first experimental measurement of fringe-angle applied electric field scaling of space charge growth and of crystallographic orientation effects in the initial development of the diffraction efficiency of thick holograms produced by the photorefractive effect in a bismuth silicon oxide (BSO) crystal. Diffraction efficiencies of holograms made by interfering two plane waves on the [¯110] face are measured as a function of the angle between the fringe pattern and the applied electric field. As the crystal is rotated relative to the interference fringes, the applied field may be scaled to yield identical space charge growth. Polarization-dependent diffraction measurements agree with the theory of a birefringent grating when optical activity is included as a separate, serial effect. Both the rotation-scaled applied electric fields and the crystallographic variations in the birefringent diffraction grating are consistent with charge transport processes in which the initial space charge fields are perpendicular to the interference fringes over growth times extending nearly into the steady state regime.     

Bending sensitivity of in-series long-period fiber gratings

The interference fringes formed in a long-period fiber grating pair are sensitive to the loss in the cladding mode, which can be induced by bending or by coating on the fiber. Assuming that there is no loss and that both gratings are identical, the interference fringes are shown to have 100% contrast when each grating has 50% transmissivity. By contrast, if the cladding mode is absorbed or scattered the fringe contrast is shown to be degraded. The spectral behaviors of a long-period fiber grating pair with loss is analyzed by the coupled-mode theory and is compared with experimental results.     

Phase locked loop profilometry

An innovative technique for obtaining automatic three-dimensional shape information of a diffuse surface is presented. The technique is based on a new approach of phase measuring from a fringe pattern. The target to be studied is first modulated by projecting a linear grating onto its surface. The linear fringes are deformed according to the surface shape. Demodulation is carried out by determining the phase of these deformed fringes using a novel digital phase locked loop demodulation algorithm. The technique has the main advantage that the traditional phase unwrapping process is not required. The phase is determined continuously as the algorithm scans the two-dimensional fringe pattern. Owing to its sequential nature, this phase detection technique can be implemented using a special purpose video processor for phase determination at video rates, making it a very fast algorithm. The algorithm along with experimental results of real surface profiles are presented.     

The identification of fringe positions in speckle patterns

This paper two methods of identifying fringe positions in speckle patterns. The first uses local directional averaging to track fringes, while the second uses standard image processing techniques to connect the patterns into a form where the fringes can be identified.     

Automatic Analysis of the Phase Object Using Projection Moire Deflectometry

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Direct amplitude detection of Zernike modes by computer-generated holographic wavefront sensor: Modeling and simulation

A fast holographic wavefront sensor is proposed using a computer-generated hologram (CGH). This CGH is a multiplexed hologram of different Zernike mode–amplitude combinations, and is designed in such a manner as to get the corresponding spots on the detector according to the presence and strength of a particular aberration. Interference between the aberrated wavefront (with a single mode–amplitude combination) and the Fourier transform of an image with single bright pixel (defined as dot image) is numerically calculated for one hologram. Different mode–amplitude combination and corresponding different positions of bright pixels (dots) are taken to compute various holograms and then all the holograms are multiplexed to get the final hologram. When the aberrated wavefront with a particular mode–amplitude combination is incident onto the multiplexed hologram, the corresponding dot is generated in the Fourier plane. A lens performs the Fourier transform in optical domain and provides the instant detection of amplitude of the respective Zernike mode. The main advantage of the scheme is to avoid the need of any computations, which makes it really fast. The simulation results are presented with the cross-talk analysis for few Zernike terms.     

Smoothing of speckle and moire fringes by computer processing

Moire and speckle pattern fringes are usually readily identifiable by eye: when the intensity of such a pattern is digitised and fed into a computer, it is by no means easy to identify the fringe positions because of the presence of optical noise in the fringe patterns. Three techniques for digital smoothing of such fringe patterns are discussed here.     

利用杨氏双缝干涉讨论Talbot效应

利用杨氏双缝干涉原理讨论了平行光垂直照射下光栅的Tablot及分数Tablot现象.在成像平面上所观察到的光栅衍射条纹实质上是光栅中一定缝距的许多双缝对的杨氏干涉条纹的可除相干叠加条纹,其条纹间距和明暗中心位置都未变化;但是像相对于光栅即条纹分布相对于光栅刻线可能有半个周期的偏移,这可由双缝对参数α的奇偶决定,如果α为偶数则没有偏移,如果α为奇数则有偏移.     

单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法

针对投影仪标定方法中存在畸变及倾斜投影引起条纹周期、条纹级数变化的问题,提出一种单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法.设计生成横向和纵向各两组单周期条纹图像,经投影仪投影到带有圆形标识的标定板上,相机同步采集标定板图像,叠加由双四步相移获得的两幅相位主值图,对叠加相位主值图相位展开,利用展开的绝对相位值计算投影仪像素坐标值,最终将投影仪标定转换为成熟的相机标定.实验结果表明:仿真投影仪标定实验准确度的最大重投影误差约为0.4pixel,均方根误差为0.132 96pixel;实际投影仪标定实验准确度的最大反投影误差约为0.46pixel,均方根误差为0.143 12pixel;实验结果与仿真结果的最大反投影误差相差15%,均方根误差相差7.6%.与现有的采用三频相位展开进行投影仪标定的方法相比,投影光栅图像数可减少8幅.该方法改善了现有投影仪标定方法的不足,标定准确度和标定效率均得到提高.     

Recent contribution in color interferometry and applications to high-speed flows

Recent improvements brought to color interferometry for analyzing high-speed flows are described through different applications. First, the optical technique based on differential interferometry using a polarized white light and one or two Wollaston prisms allows to record high-speed interferograms of the flow downstream of a circular cylinder. Then, this technique has been applied to axisymmetric flows for studying an interaction between a supersonic hot jet and a coaxial supersonic flow. Another application concerns the study of hypersonic flows using Wollaston prisms with a large birefringence angle. Finally, the analysis of gaseous mixture and the evolution of two-gases interface submitted to an acceleration is presented. Interferograms analysis is made from a modeling of interference fringes versus the optical path difference which allows to easily extract quantitative information of the gas density. In order to obtain absolute measurements of the gas density, real-time holographic interferometry has been developed using a three-color laser source and a panchromatic holographic plate. The technique generates the achromatic white fringe which makes the zero order of interference fringes easy to identify. An application is presented in a 2D subsonic wind tunnel, in which the unsteady wake flow past a cylinder is recorded at high framing rate. In this optical setup, transmission holograms are used. As a conclusion, an approach is proposed to analyze the 3D flows from real-time color holographic interferometry using reflection holograms and the problems to solve are described.     

Grazing holographic projection of object-adapted fringes for shape measurements with enhanced sensitivity

A new method of fringe projection for shape measurement is presented. We use a combination of object-adapted fringes and holographic grazing projection to determine shape deviations of a turbine blade. If the shape of a test object is correct, a fringe grid with constant period is detected by the camera. The object-adapted fringes are projected coherently onto the master object, and a hologram is taken. If the hologram is reconstructed, grazing incidence of object-adapted fringes can be realized. Grazing holographic projection allows for higher triangulation angles and therefore increased sensitivity. Even small shape deviations can be detected and quantitatively evaluated with fast algorithms. The method can be extended to multiple exposed holograms to examine deep objects.     

Investigations of As-S-Se thin films for use as inorganic photoresist for digital image-matrix holography

As-S-Se chalcogenide thin films are successfully employed in classical and dot-matrix holography as inorganic photoresists for obtaining a relief-phase hologram. However using these films for image-matrix hologram recording has not been studied due to some features of image-matrix technology. For the applied research of the optical properties of As-S-Se films an experimental device of digital image-matrix holographic recording based on 100 mW 405 nm semi-conductor laser and Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) has been created. The device has the following main parameters: 140 × 105 μm frame size; laser intensity during exposure 10 W/cm². With the help of this device diffraction grating and security holograms were recorded on As-S-Se thin films. The work reported herein presents results of an experimental study of how diffraction efficiency (DE) of the received relief-phase holographic gratings depends on an exposure and period. Diffraction grating profiles and speed of etching corresponding to different exposure doses are shown. Hologram samples with DE = 65% have been received which allows for using chalcogenide film as alternative to organic photoresists in applied dot-matrix and image-matrix holography.     

单元件干涉数字全息的光线追迹模型

基于棱镜对的单元件干涉可以获得透射物体的相位信息,即数字全息,具有结构紧凑、干涉条纹稳定、测量精度高等优点。采用光线追迹方法,综合考虑了棱镜对的方位角旋转、斜面偏心等参数,建立了光线追迹等效模型,仿真了数字全息干涉条纹,给出了条纹密度变化及倾斜的解析表达式。针对单模和多模光纤等微结构光学元件,获得了干涉数字全息图,并反演出其折射率分布。搭建了显微成像单元件干涉实验装置,获得了实际测量干涉图样,实验与仿真结果一致,证明了本模型的有效性。     

Shifted-phase calibration for a 3-D shape measurement system based on orthogonal composite grating projection

This paper proposes a novel method for reducing measurement error caused by spectrum overlapping in orthogonal-composite-grating-based 3-D measurement method. For 3-D measurement systems based on orthogonal composite grating projection, spectrum overlapping causes phase of each deformed phase-shifting fringe changed differently, which violates the principle that the shifted phases between adjacent deformed fringes must be equivalent to 2π/3, and therefore results in phase measurement error. The proposed shifted-phase calibration method is based on that phase variation of each deformed fringe is independent of height and reflectivity of the measured object. Three composite gratings are projected on the reference plane, and each carrier channel includes three phase-shifting gratings needed in phase measuring profilometry (PMP). Because the adjacent phase-shifting fringes demodulated from the same carrier channel have the phase difference of 2π/3, we can respectively calculate the reference plane's phases of three carrier channels by the phase algorithm of PMP method, and the shifted phases between them are obtained. When an object is measured, the shifted phases between deformed phase-shifting fringes can be calibrated. A new 3-D measurement mathematical model is set to reconstruct object. Our experiments prove that the proposed method can effectively restrain the effect of spectrum overlapping and improve measurement accuracy almost one times.     

基于叠栅条纹的光刻对准理论分析及标定方法

在线光栅用于纳米光刻对准理论的基础上,为实现光栅方向的标定和掩模硅片对准,提出一种利用相位斜率消除角位移的新方法,并给出线光栅标记及其对准原理。在对准前,掩模对准标记和硅片对准标记存在角位移,重点讨论了此种情况下叠栅条纹的特性以及与光栅物理参数的关系,并给出了相应的计算公式。基于傅里叶频域分析法,对叠栅条纹频率成分与条纹的关系做了简要分析。利用提取叠栅条纹行列方向的一维相位,通过数据拟合,得出了相位斜率与角位移的内在关系,实现了条纹方向的标定。模拟实验结果表明,该方法简单可靠,可分辨的最小角位移低于0.02°。     

莫尔条纹法测量微小旋转角度的频域分析

利用菲涅耳衍射的频域分析方法,对莫尔条纹复振幅分布公式进行了理论推导,得到了使用两块相同光栅组成的光栅付测量微小角度的原理公式,与利用几何光学等方法得到的结论一致.模拟结果表明：莫尔条纹是光栅付拍现象的最低频率含量,莫尔条纹内含有大量高次谐波|在探测器光学系统放大率一定的前提下,为通过直接测量莫尔条纹宽度的变化达到测量角度变化的目的,必须根据测角精度、探测器的尺寸和分辨率选择合适的光栅付光栅常数和光栅付初始夹角.     

Automatic fringe analysis for moiré topography

Two digital systems are developed for the automatic measurement of 3-D shapes using moiré techniques—an automatic 3-D shape measuring system using the scanning moiré method and an interactive fringe analysing system for moiré fringe photographs. In the automatic 3-D shape measuring system, a deformed grating is scanned and sampled with an electronic image scanning device so that moiré fringes are generated in a computer. This technique of electronic fringe generation eliminates ambiguity with regard to the sign of the moiré fringes. The interactive fringe analyser provides a flexible and versatile tool for moiré fringe analysis. Medical applications of these analysing systems are discussed.