RDX基PBX的模型、结构、能量及其与感度关系的分子动力学研究

以RDX（环三亚甲基三硝胺）为基、PS（聚苯乙烯）为粘结剂构成PBX（高聚物粘结炸药）的MD（分子动力学）模拟初始模型.比较分别以1根46链节和2根23链节PS置于RDX（001）晶面上的两种（PBX1和PBX2）模型下的MD模拟结果,发现二者的结构、相互作用能和力学性能均很接近.取PBX2进行5种温度（195,245,295,345和395 K）下的NPT系综、MD模拟系统研究,发现随温度依次升高,各体系中RDX引发键N NO2键的最大键长（Lmax）递增,N–N键连的N与N之间的双原子作用能（EN-N）和内聚能密度（CED）递减,与感度随温度升高而增大的实验事实相一致.综合已有工作,对高能复合材料（如PBX和固体推进剂等）的感度理论研究,建议关注其中易爆燃组分在外界刺激下的结构和能量变化,其引发键Lmax和作为引发键强度度量的双原子作用能（如EN-N）,可作为热和撞击感度相对大小的理论判据.     

高能混合物的感度理论判别—— 不同配比和不同温度AP/HMX的MD研究

为了寻求高能复合材料的感度理论判据, 对高氯酸铵(AP)和HMX(环四甲撑四硝胺)所构成的不同质量比的二元混合体系, 用分子动力学(MD)方法和修正的PCFF力场, 作正则系综(NVT)下的周期性模拟计算, 求得其结合能和HMX热解引发键(N—NO2)的平均键长和最大键长. 结果表明, 结合能随质量比不同呈复杂变化趋势; HMX(N—NO2)引发键的最大键长随体系中HMX配比增加先增后减, 而当AP/HMX为1∶1时其值最大, 恰与此配比下感度最大的实验事实相一致. 选择质量比为1∶1的AP/HMX作不同温度下的NVT-MD模拟, 发现引发键(N—NO2)最大键长随温度升高而递增, 与感度随温度升高而增大的实验事实相符. 为此我们建议, 把高能复合材料中易爆燃组分引发键的最大键长作为其热和撞击等感度的理论判据, 借以阐明、比较或预示它们的相对安全性.     

HMX/TATB复合材料弹性性能的MD模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法COMPASS力场, 分别在正则系综(NVT)和等温等压系综(NPT)下, 模拟计算了著名常用高能炸药HMX(环四甲撑四硝胺)与著名钝感炸药TATB (1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6三硝基苯)所构成的混合体系在室温时的弹性性能和结合能. 结果表明, 在NVT和NPT两种系综下模拟所得结果呈平行一致的趋势; 与纯HMX相比, HMX/TATB复合材料的拉伸模量、体模量和剪切模量均有所下降; 在NVT系综下, 还完成了HMX/TATB混合体系的不同温度的MD模拟. 发现当温度在245～345 K范围时, 体系的刚性和弹性变化很小; 但当温度达到395 K时, 材料的刚性减弱, 柔性增强.     

HMX晶体和HMX/F2311 PBXs力学性能的MD模拟研究

用分子动力学方法, 在295 K NVT系综和COMPASS力场下, 对环四甲撑四硝胺(HMX)晶体和F₂₃₁₁沿HMX (001), (010)和(100)晶面所构成PBXs模型的力学性能进行模拟研究. 结果表明, 加入F₂₃₁₁降低了HMX的刚性, 增强了它的延展性. 在HMX (100)面上添加F₂₃₁₁对提高体系的延展性较显著. 为考察温度对力学性能的影响及其机理, 在245～445 K范围完成对HMX (100)/F₂₃₁₁ PBX的MD模拟. 力学分析表明, 随温度增加HMX (100)/F₂₃₁₁的延展性呈抛物线变化规律, 归因于F₂₃₁₁分子链的运动及其构象随温度的变化.     

环三甲撑三硝胺(RDX)结构和性质的DFT研究

环三甲撑三硝胺(RDX)是综合性能好、使用极广的高能炸药。本文用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,取6-31G*基组,求得其分子几何构型、电子结构、IR谱和热力学性质。全优化几何构型和电子结构均具有C3V对称性。在相邻原子之间以NNO2键的Mulliken集居数最小,表明其间电子分布较少,预示其为热解和起爆的引发键。IR谱与实验结果良好相符。计算所得298-1200K的热力学性质,对进一步深入研究RDX的反应和性质有助。     

适用于TATB,RDX,HMX含能材料的全原子力场的建立与验证

报道一个适用于三种常见的含能材料分子三硝基三氨基苯(TATB),环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX),环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX)的全原子力场.力场采用广泛使用的力场函数形式,其中键参数通过拟合量子化学密度泛函计算的数据获得,电荷参数和范德华参数通过拟合相应的分子晶体的物理性质(密度和升华焓)优化得到.通过计算分子和分子晶体的性质显示该力场可以用来准确地预测分子结构、分子振动频率和分子晶体的晶胞参数、密度和升华焓.进一步的验证显示该力场可用来较为准确地预测分子晶体的状态方程和机械模量.     

高能体系分子间相互作用研究: 含NNO~2和NH~2混合物

以abinitioHF/6-31G^*计算求得NH~3+NH~2NO~2的两种优化构型,经MP4电子相关能校正和Boys-Bernardi方案校正基组叠加误差求得精确的分子间相互作用能。还用PM3方法计算研究TATB(均三氨基三硝基苯)分别与HMX(奥克托金)和RDX(黑索金)的混合体系,经色散能校正电子相关近似地求得分子间相互作用能。结果表明,NH~3与NH~2NO~2之间的最大结合能为-38.32kJ/mol;分子间相互作用增强了N-NO~2键强度;TATB与HMX,RDX的结合能远大于石墨与HMX或RDX的结合能,表明TATB对HMX和RDX的润湿和钝感作用较石墨更强。     

外电场对不同组分比例的HMX/FOX-7共晶炸药感度影响的理论研究

借助分子动力学方法对不同电场不同组分比例的HMX/FOX-7共晶炸药晶体表面成键能和力学性质进行了研究。在不同外电场作用下,利用B3LYP和MP2(full)方法在6-311++G(d,p)和6-311++G(2df,2p)基组水平上,计算了HMX/FOX-7(1∶1)复合物中HMX的撞击感度h_(50)及其N-NO_2键离解能。结果表明:1∶1比例的共晶炸药最稳定、力学性质较好。共晶主要在HMX(0 2 0)和(1 0 0)晶面上形成。共晶复合物的形成使HMX引发键N-NO_2增强,感度降低。正方向外电场增大了晶面成键能和HMX中N-NO_2键离解能,升高了h_(50)值,降低了HMX的撞击感度;而负方向外电场对其影响正好相反。正方向外电场使G和E值增大,炸药延展性降低;负方向外电场效应正好相反。     

环四甲撑四硝胺(HMX)结构和性质的DFT研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,取6-31G基组,求得环四甲撑四硝胺分子的几何构型、电子结构、 IR谱和298～1200 K的热力学性质.全优化几何构型和电子结构均具有Ci对称性.在相邻原子之间以N-NO2键的Mulliken集居数最小,表明其间电子分布较少,预示其为热解和起爆的引发键.IR谱与实验结果良好相符.     

乙二胺-三乙烯二胺/甲胺-三乙烯二胺高氯酸盐共晶含能材料的制备和理论计算研究

制备并解析了有机胺高氯酸盐共晶SY(乙二胺-三乙烯二胺高氯酸盐)和MT(甲胺-三乙烯二胺高氯酸盐),实验方法研究表明SY和MT中含有大量分子内和分子间氢键,形成多元环状结构,保证了晶体结构的稳定;采用分子动力学模拟的方法利用COMPASS力场分析了SY和MT在不同温度(213K-513K)下的动力学行为,研究结果表明SY和MT中N-H键L_(ave)和L_(max)变化量超过0. 07,判定其为SY和MT的引发键;在外电场作用下,C-N和N-H键键长均有所增加,而Cl-O键键长缩短,说明电场对不同键的影响不一致;在高温下(275K-515K)的分子动力学研究表明,SY和MT的能隙均变小,说明共晶的感度随温度的升高而变高。     

Molecular dynamics study on the relationships of modeling, structural and energy properties with sensitivity for RDX-based PBXs

In this paper,a primary model is established for MD(molecular dynamics) simulation for the PBXs(polymer-bonded explosives) with RDX(cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) as base explosive and PS as polymer binder.A series of results from the MD simulation are compared between two PBX models,which are represented by PBX1 and PBX2,respectively,including one PS molecular chain having 46 repeating units and two PS molecular chains with each having 23 repeating units.It has been found that their structural,interaction energy and mechanical properties are basically consistent between the two models.A systematic MD study for the PBX2 is performed under NPT conditions at five different temperatures,i.e.,195 K,245 K,295 K,345 K,and 395 K.We have found that with the temperature increase,the maximum bond length(L max) of RDX N N trigger bond increases,and the interaction energy(E N-N) between two N atoms of the N-N trigger bond and the cohesive energy density(CED) decrease.These phenomena agree with the experimental fact that the PBX becomes more sensitive as the temperature increases.Therefore,we propose to use the maximum bond length L max of the trigger bond of the easily decomposed and exploded component and the interaction energy E N-N of the two relevant atoms as theoretical criteria to judge or predict the relative degree of heat and impact sensitivity for the energetic composites such as PBXs and solid propellants.     

Density functional theory studies of effects of boron replacement on the structure and property of RDX and HMX

In this study, based on two model nitramine compounds hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX), two series of new energetic molecules were designed by replacing carbon atoms in the ring with different amounts of boron atoms, their structures and performances were investigated theoretically by the density functional theory method. The results showed that the boron replacement could affect the molecular shape and electronic structure of RDX and HMX greatly, and then would do harm to the main performance like the heat of formation, density, and sensitivity. However, the compound RDX-B2 is an exception; it was formed by replacing two boron atoms into the system of RDX and has the symmetric boat-like structure. Its oxygen balance (4.9%), density (1.91 g/cm³), detonation velocity (8.85 km/s), and detonation pressure (36.9 GPa) are all higher than RDX. Furthermore, RDX-B2 has shorter and stronger N NO₂ bonds than RDX, making it possesses lower sensitivity (45 cm) and better thermal stability (the bond dissociation energy for the N NO₂ bond is 204.7 kJ/mol) than RDX. Besides, RDX-B1 and HMX-B4 also have good overall performance; these three new molecules may be regarded as a new potential candidate for high energy density compounds.     

Theoretical studies on high energetic density nitramine explosives containing pyridine

The insensitive property of explosives containing pyridine is combined with the high energy of nitramine explosives,and the concept of new nitramine explosives containing pyridine is proposed,into which nitramine group with N N bonds is introduced as much as possible.Based on molecular structures of nitramine compounds containing pyridine,density functional theory(DFT) calculation method was applied to study designed molecules at B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level.The geometric and electronic structures,density,heats of formation(HOF),detonation performance and bond dissociation energies(BDE) were investigated and comparable to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane(HMX).The simulation results reveal that molecules B and D perform similarly to traditionally used RDX.Molecule E outperform RDX,with performance that approach that of HMX and may be considered as potential candidate of high energy density compound(HEDC).These results provide basic information for molecular design of novel high energetic density compounds.     

环五甲撑五硝胺(CRX)结构和性质的DFT预示

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-31G*基组水平下,全优化计算了环五甲撑五硝胺(CRX)的分子几何和优化构型下的电子结构.环C-N键长为0.144～0.148 nm, N-NO2键长为0.139～0.142 nm; CRX的最高占有MO(HOMO)能级和最低未占MO(LUMO)能级之间的差值ΔEg(5.2054 eV)较大,预示CRX较稳定.基于简谐振动分析求得IR谱频率和强度.运用统计热力学方法,求得在200～1200 K的热力学性质C0p,m、 S0m和H0m.还运用Kamlet公式预示了它的爆速和爆压分别为9169 m/s和37.88 GPa.     

Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Melting Points of Trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadacalin (TNAD) with Some Propellants

Molecular dynamic simulation was employed to predict the melting points Tm of TNAD/HMX, TNAD/RDX, TNAD/DINA, and TNAD/DNP systems (tans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadacalin (TNAD), dinitropiperazine (DNP), cyclotetramethylenete-tranitroamine (HMX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), and N-nitrodihydroxyethy-laminedinitrate (DINA)). Tm was determined from the inflexion point on the curve of mean specific volume vs. temperature. The result shows that the Tm values of TNAD/HMX, TNAD/RDX, and TNAD/DINA systems are 500, 536, and 488 K, respectively. The TNAD/DNP system has no obvious Tm value, which shows the system is insoluble. Us-ing Tm, the solubility of the four systems was analyzed. The radial distribution functions of the four systems were analyzed and the main intermolecular forces between TNAD and other energetic components are short-range interactions. The better the solubility is, the stronger the intermolecular interaction is. In addition, the force field energy at different temperature was also analyzed to predict Tm of the four systems.     

四硝基并哌嗪（TNAD）与一些含能材料混合体系熔点的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟方法预测了TNAD／HMX、TNAD／RDX、TNAD／DINA和TNAD／DNP四种混合体系的熔点,利用比容与温度的曲线拐点决定了四种混合体系的熔点．结果是TNAD／HMX、TNAD／RDX、TNAD／DINA的熔点分别为500、536、488K．而TNAD／DNP体系没有明显的熔点,表明此体系是不相容的．利用熔点进一步预测了四种体系的相容性,分析了它们的径向分布函数．TNAD与HMX、RDX、DINA和DNP之间的分子间相互作用是近距离相互作用,且相容性越好,分子间相互作用越强．同时还分析了不同温度下的力场能．     

New theoretically predicted RDX‐ and β‐HMX‐based high‐energy‐density molecules

Theoretically new high‐energy‐density materials (HEDM) in which the hydrogens on RDX and β‐HMX (hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine and octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine, respectively) were sequentially replaced by (N NO₂)x functional groups were designed and evaluated using density functional theory calculations in combination with the Kamlet–Jacobs equations and an atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) analysis. Improved detonation properties and reduced sensitivity compared to RDX and β‐HMX were predicted. Interestingly, the RDX and β‐HMX derivatives having one attached N NO₂ group [RDX‐(NNO₂)1 and HMX‐(NNO₂)1] showed excellent detonation properties (detonation velocities: 9.529 and 9.575 km·s⁻¹, and detonation pressures: 40.818 and 41.570 GPa, respectively), which were superior to the parent compounds. Sensitivity estimations obtained by calculating impact sensitivities and HOMO‐LUMO gaps indicated that RDX‐(NNO₂)1 and HMX‐(NNO₂)1 were less stable than RDX and HMX but more stable than any of the other derivatives. This method of sequential NNO₂ group attachment on conventional HEDMs offers a firm basis for further studies on the design of new explosives. Furthermore, the newly found structures may be promising candidates for better HEDMs.