微通道板光子计数成像探测器预处理实验研究

微通道板光子计数成像探测器是嫦娥三号极紫外相机的关键成像器件,嫦娥三号极紫外相机被用于探测地球等离子层中极微弱的He+共振散射辐射,为了消除微通道板内部吸附的残余气体产生的离子反馈等背景噪音对探测器微弱信号成像性能的影响,需要对微通道板进行预处理.预处理包括高温真空烘烤和紫外光电子清刷.根据预处理的实验要求,设计了一套微通道板预处理装置,为微通道板预处理实验提供高真空环境和高温加热及保温功能.本文详细介绍了微通道板预处理实验的实现过程,对三片Z型级联的微通道板进行预处理实验后,背景噪音由27.09counts/s·cm2降低为0.53counts/s·cm2、空间分辨率达到125μm,上述实验结果表明MCP在预处理之后其表面、亚表面和体内吸附的杂质气体得以有效去除,获得了稳定的增益,成像性能也得以改善.     

极紫外波段微通道板光子计数探测器

研究了一种极紫外波段微通道板（MCP）光子计数探测器,用于探测地球等离子体层中极微弱的30.4 nm辐射。通过改变电压、温度等参数对比了该微通道板光子计数探测器的暗噪声和分辨率的变化。结果表明：微通道板探测器的暗噪声主要来源于残余气体离子反馈和热噪声,因此要降低探测器暗噪声,应对微通道进行彻底的预处理除气,并尽量避免探测器在高温状态下工作,常温下经过预处理的微通道板光子探测系统的暗计数率仅为0.34 count/（s.cm2）。系统的分辨率主要受电压和计数率的影响,受温度影响不明显。由于不同的微通道板有不同的耐压范围,过小或过大的电压或计数率都会造成系统分辨率的降低。     

极紫外微通道板光子计数成像探测器性能研究EI北大核心CSCD

基于CE-3极紫外（EUV）相机最高工作温度为70 ℃的要求,对EUV相机的微通道板（MCP）位置灵敏阳极光子计数成像探测器实验件在70 ℃时的性能进行了研究,该探测器主要由工作在脉冲计数模式下的MCP堆、楔条形感应电荷阳极及相关的模拟和数据处理电路组成。为了获得稳定的MCP堆电子增益及较小的暗计数率,对MCP堆进行了预处理,包括380 ℃条件下真空高温烘烤18 h,以及电子清刷100 μA·h,并测量了预处理前后暗计数率;测量了探测器工作在室温和70 ℃时的暗计数率、空间分辨率、增益,测量结果表明探测器的空间分辨率为5.66 lp/mm,与室温下空间分辨率相同,暗计数率虽然小于1 counts/（s·cm2）,但70 ℃暗计数率是室温的2~5倍;对探测器的使用寿命进行了初步分析。实验结果和分析表明探测器在空间分辨率、暗计数率、使用寿命等方面均满足EUV相机的要求。     

CHCl3电子吸附速率常数的离子迁移谱

利用电晕放电离子迁移谱, 使用高纯氮气作为载气和迁移气体, 研究了电场强度在200～500 V/cm变化时CHCl₃的解离电子吸附速率常数, 得到样品所对应的电子吸附速率常数为1.26×10^-8～8.24×10^-9 cm³/(molecules s)．利用该装置测量了固定电场下,样品的电子吸附速率常数与样品浓度之间的关系．此外利用所获得的离子迁移谱图得到了不同电场强度下Cl^-与CHCl₃之间的离子分子反应速率常数.     

Ar在玻璃微球中的辐照增强扩散效应研究

 为满足惯性约束聚变实验诊断的需求，需要在空心玻璃微球内充入DT燃料气体的同时充入一定量的Ar诊断气体，由于Ar原子尺寸较大，一般热扩散技术难以实现对玻璃微球充Ar。为解决充Ar问题，研究了不同反应堆中子注量对玻璃微球的改性作用。测试结果表明：当中子注量达到1×10¹⁸ cm^-2时，在500 ℃和室温情况下都可以向玻璃微球内充入Ar。辐照增强扩散后的扩散系数高于3.6×10^-13 cm²/s。     

一台高计数率GEM X射线成像装置原型

研制一种新型的三层级联倍增GEM气体探测器,其有效增益达到10⁵,用于高亮度X射线成像.设计和制作了的精密的微条读出和信号引出方法,采用高速SCSI接口的机箱控制器及计算机控制系统,用于该探测器的射线定位测量,在此基础上建立了一台GEM-X射线成像装置原型.实验结果显示：在X射线强度为10⁵Hz/mm,其增益稳定性<1%,位置分辨<100μm,并获得了清晰的两维图像.     

高性能微通道板除气过程中电阻的变化

比较了高性能微通道板和标准型微通道板在经过相同或类似制管工艺处理前、后电阻的变化，测定了高性能微通道板分别在真空烘烤和2个不同阶段电子清刷后电阻随电压及温度的变化关系。实验结果表明：高性能微通道板的热稳定性优于标准型微通道板，其电阻温度系数为-0.007/℃；经过第二阶段清刷后，电阻随电压的变化缓慢，电压系数为-1.11×10^-4V^-1；用这种材料和工艺制作的低电阻、大动态范围、高稳定性微通道板可满足特种探测器的需求。     

GEM气体探测器的增益特性

研制一种双层结构的GEM气体探测器用于X射线成像和带电粒子径迹测量.使用铜靶X射线管产生的高能量X射线对其气体放大倍数,电荷传输效率,增益稳定性进行测试.实验结果显示:在入射X射线通量为10⁵Hz/mm²时,双层GEM探测器的有效增益达到10⁴以上,并且具有长时间稳定性.     

三级GEM气体探测器性能的实验研究

GEM探测器是一种新型微型气体探测器(Micro-Pattern Gas Detector), 在粒子物理实验及低能X射线成像系统中有着较大的应用前景. 文章研制了一种适用于低能X射线成像和带电粒子径迹测量的三级GEM气体探测器. 使用放射源⁵⁵Fe对其气体放大特性、电荷传输效率及能量分辨本领等性能进行了实验研究, 重点研究了传输区电场对气体有效增益和能量分辨本领的影响. 实验结果表明, 三级GEM探测器的暗电流和噪声较小, 有效增益能够达到10⁵以上并稳定地工作, 对5.9keV的X射线能量分辨率可达24%, 传输区电场强度大于3000V/(cm.atm)时, 能量分辨率基本稳定在30%左右.     

Si离子注入和H等离子体处理对单晶Si中空腔生长的影响研究

室温下首先采用160keVHe离子注入单晶Si样品到剂量5×10¹⁶ions/cm²,部分样品再接受80keVSi离子辐照到较高的剂量5×10¹⁵ions/cm²或接受高密度H等离子体处理.应用透射电镜观测分析了800℃高温退火引起的空腔的形成形貌.结果表明,附加Si离子辐照或H等离子体处理会影响Si中空腔的生长.就Si离子附加辐照而言,由于辐照引入富余的间隙子型缺陷,因此,它会抑制空腔的生长,而高密度H等离子体处理则有助于空腔的生长.定性地讨论了实验结果.     

Radiation-induced damage in calcium fluoride ionic crystals exposed to high-intensity ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet light

An experimental setup for studying optical materials under the action of plasma-emitted intense (up to 10⁵ W/cm²) ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet radiation is described, and methods for estimating the radiation damage are developed. The damage produced in calcium fluoride ionic crystals at ～300 K by low (10³ rad) and moderate (10⁶ rad) absorbed doses is experimentally estimated.     

Bestimmung von Temperatur und Dichte eines Gleitfunkens aus der Bremsstrahlung im Infrarot

The absolute intensity of a vacuum sliding spark (length 2–10 cm, half cycle 0,8 μsec) has been measured in the spectral region between 0,4 and 3μ. From the long wavelength radiation emitted from an optically thick layer, one gets the temperature, from the short wavelength radiation emitted from an optically thin layer, one obtains the density. Using polyethylene as an insulator we reached a temperature of 4·10⁵ °K at electron densities of 8·10¹⁸ cm^?3 and current densities of 1.2·10⁶ A/cm². The temporal development of temperature and density has been determined. The maximum intensity at λ=0.43 μ was found to be 5·10⁴ (7·10¹⁰ W/cm³ ster) as large as that of the positive crater of a properly driven carbon arc. At λ=3 μ this same parameter turned out to be 300 times as large (5·10⁷ W/cm³ ster).     

Monochromatic X-Ray Sources Based on Emitters Controlled by Laser Radiation

The results of study of frequency-tuned monochromatic x-ray source are reported. The source was developed on the basis of a vacuum diode with a laser-plasma cathode. The source proposed is particularly promising, if the range of x-ray energy higher than 5 keV is of interest. The source features a spectral brightness higher than 10¹⁹ photons/(cm²·s·sr·keV) and an x-ray pulse duration no larger than 10^?8 s. An electromagnetic model of such a cathode is proposed and evaluated in order to assess the feasibility of an x-ray source with a laser-plasma cathode of higher performance. The possibility of using a ferroelectric electron emitter is discussed.     

Die Erzeugung von Seriengrenzkontinua mit Hilfe von Gleitfunken zur Absolutmessung im Vakuum-Ultraviolett

A lithium plasma is produced by discharging a 40 kV, 0,3 μF capacitor through a lithium-hydride-capillary (diameter 2 mm, length 20 mm) in vacuum (p～10^?4 Torr). During the first half-cycle (0,6 μs) Bremsstrahlung of Li III is observed in the visible and infrared, and the Lyman series of Li III together with the recombination continuum in the vacuum UV (100 Å). The high members of the Lyman series are broadened by Stark effect giving an electron density of about 6 · 10¹⁸ cm^?3. In the infrared the radiation is emitted from an optically thick plasma at a time when the free-free continuum in the visible is emitted from an optically thin plasma. Temporal development of electron temperatureT _e and electron density N_e has been measured from the absolute intensity in these spectral regions. Typical values ofT _e=230 000° K andN _e 5 · 10¹⁸ cm^?3 e.g. have been obtained. For these values the relaxation time for an ionisation equilibrium is short compared to the observation time. The complete ionisation of Li III has been checked by absorption measurements near 100 A. Thus the absolute intensity of the recombination continuum could be calculated. An experimental arrangement was built to measure simultaneously the time history of the intensity in the vacuum ultraviolet, in the visible, and infrared spectral regions.     

纯锆上离子注入钇和镧后的表面分析

用金属蒸汽真空弧源，以40kV加速电压对纯锆样品分别进行了10¹⁶—10¹⁷/cm²的钇、镧离子注入，注入温度约为130℃.然后对注入样品进行表面分析.x射线光电子能谱分析表明，注入的钇以Y₂O₃形式存在，镧以La₂O₃形式存在.俄歇电子能谱表明，纯锆基体表面的氧化膜厚度随着离子注入剂量的增加而增加，当离子注入剂量达到10¹⁷/cm²时，氧化膜的厚度达到了最大值.卢瑟福背散射显示镧层的厚度约为30nm，同时直接观察到当离子注入剂量为(La+Y)10¹⁷/cm²时，纯锆样品表面发生了严重的溅射. 关键词： 纯锆 钇和镧离子共注入 卢瑟福背散射 x射线光电子能谱     

Pulsed laser treatment of gold and black gold thin films fabricated by thermal evaporation

The effect of pulsed laser treatment of metal, and metal blacks, was studied. Gold and black gold thin films were fabricated by thermal evaporation of gold in a vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere respectively. Black gold films were grown in a nitrogen atmosphere at pressures of 200 Pa and 300 Pa. UV pulsed laser radiation (λ = 266 nm, τ = 4 ns), with fluence ranging from 1 mJ·cm⁻² to 250 mJ·cm⁻² was used for the film treatment in a vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere. The nitrogen pressure was varied up to 100 kPa. Surface structure modifications were analyzed by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for chemical characterization of the samples. A significant dependence of the film optical and structural properties on laser treatment conditions (laser fluence, ambient pressure and number of applied pulses) was found. The threshold for observable damage and initiation of changes of morphology for gold and black gold surfaces was determined. Distinct modifications were observed for fluences greater than 106 mJ·cm⁻² and 3.5 mJ·cm⁻² for the gold and black gold films respectively. Absorbtivity of the black gold film is found to decrease with an increase in the number of laser pulses. Microstructural and nanostructural modifications after laser treatment of the black gold film were observed. EDX analysis revealed that no impurities were introduced into the samples during both the deposition and laser treatment.      

Solar flux and spectrum measurements in the EUV spectral region on board the KORONAS-I satellite

Data on the equipment mounted on board the KORONAS-I satellite and solar flux measurements in the extreme ultraviolet range (λ<130 nm) are presented. A thermoluminescent technique was used for solar ultraviolet radiometry (SUR). Vacuum ultraviolet solar spectrometry (VUSS) equipment based on the gas-photoelectron spectrometry method was employed to measure the He II 30.4 nm line in the solar spectrum. The solar flux in the region λ <130 nm was 7.5 erg·cm^?2s^?1 and the Lyman alpha line intensity was (3.3–3.7) · 10¹¹ quant·cm^?2s^?1 in the low solar activity period from March to June 1994. The intensity of the He II (30.4 nm) line was varied in the limits of (6.0–7.5)·10⁹ quant·cm^?2s^?1 from the 4 th to the 7 th of March, 1994. No intensive solar flares were registered in the observation period. An increase in the solar flux by ～15% was observed at λ <130 nm during the B4.5 X-ray flare (June 30, 1994, 01 ^h 08 ^m UT).     

Detection of low gas densities by resonance fluorescence in the vacuum ultraviolet

An experimental arrangement is described which allows the detection of low gas densities by resonance fluorescence in the vacuum ultraviolet. As a light source a capillary discharge through helium was used. Fluorescence signals as a function of density have been measured in krypton, deuterium, and hydrogen, and the results have been compared with calculations. Detection limits of 3·10⁹ atoms/cm³ have been obtained.