Controlling Metal–Ligand–Metal Oxidation State Combinations by Ancillary Ligand (L) Variation in the Redox Systems [L2Ru(μ‐boptz)RuL2]n,boptz=3,6‐bis(2‐oxidophenyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine,and L=acetylacetonate, 2,2′‐bipyridine,or 2‐phenylazopyridine

The new compounds [(acac)₂Ru(μ‐boptz)Ru(acac)₂] ( 1 ), [(bpy)₂Ru(μ‐boptz)Ru(bpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ ( 2 ‐(ClO₄)₂), and [(pap)₂Ru(μ‐boptz)Ru(pap)₂](ClO₄)₂ ( 3 ‐(ClO₄)₂) were obtained from 3,6‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (H₂boptz), the crystal structure analysis of which is reported. Compound 1 contains two antiferromagnetically coupled (J=?36.7 cm^?1) Ru^III centers. We have investigated the role of both the donor and acceptor functions containing the boptz^2? bridging ligand in combination with the electronically different ancillary ligands (donating acac^?, moderately π‐accepting bpy, and strongly π‐accepting pap; acac=acetylacetonate, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine pap=2‐phenylazopyridine) by using cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for several in situ accessible redox states. We found that metal–ligand–metal oxidation state combinations remain invariant to ancillary ligand change in some instances; however, three isoelectronic paramagnetic cores Ru(μ‐boptz)Ru showed remarkable differences. The excellent tolerance of the bpy co ‐ ligand for both Ru^III and Ru^II is demonstrated by the adoption of the mixed ‐ valent form in [L₂Ru(μ‐boptz)RuL₂]³⁺, L=bpy, whereas the corresponding system with pap stabilizes the Ru^II states to yield a phenoxyl radical ligand and the compound with L=acac^? contains two Ru^III centers connected by a tetrazine radical‐anion bridge.     

Energy-level tailoring in a series of redox-rich quinonoid-bridged diruthenium complexes containing tris2-pyridylmethyl)amine as a co-ligand

Reactions of [{Ru(tmpa)}₂(μ‐Cl)₂][ClO₄]₂, ( 2 [ClO₄]₂, tmpa=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) with 2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone ( L¹ ), 2,5‐di‐[2,6‐(dimethyl)‐anilino]‐1,4‐benzoquinone ( L² ), or 2,5‐di‐[2,4,6‐(trimethyl)‐anilino)]‐1,4‐benzoquinone ( L³ ) in the presence of a base led to the formation of the dinuclear complexes [{Ru(tmpa)}₂(μ‐ L¹ _{?2 H})][ClO₄]₂ ( 3 [ClO₄]₂), [{Ru(tmpa)}₂(μ‐ L² _{?2 H})][ClO₄]₂ ( 4 [ClO₄]₂), and [{Ru(tmpa)}₂(μ‐ L³ _{?2 H})][ClO₄]₂ ( 5 [ClO₄]₂). Structural characterization of 5 [ClO₄]₂ showed the localization of the double bonds within the quinonoid ring and a twisting of the mesityl substituents with respect to the quinonoid plane. Cyclic voltammetry of the complexes show two reversible oxidation and quinonoid‐based reduction processes. Results obtained from UV/Vis/NIR and EPR spectroelectrochemistry are invoked to discuss ruthenium‐ versus quinonoid‐ligand‐centered redox activity. The complex 3 [ClO₄]₂ is compared to the reported complex [{Ru(bpy)}₂(μ‐ L¹ _{?2 H})]²⁺ ( 1²⁺ , bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine). The effects of substituting the bidentate and better π‐accepting bpy co‐ligands with tetradentate tmpa ligands [pure σ‐donating (amine) as well as σ‐donating and π‐accepting (pyridines)] on the redox and electronic properties of the complexes are discussed. Comparisons are also made between complexes containing the dianionic forms of the all‐oxygen‐donating L¹ ligand with the L² and L³ ligands containing an [O,N,O,N] donor set. The one‐electron oxidized forms of the complexes show absorption in the NIR region. The position as well as the intensity of this band can be tuned by the substituents on the quinonoid bridge. In addition, this band can be switched on and off by using tunable redox potentials, making such systems attractive candidates for NIR electrochromism.     

Application of a Structure/Oxidation‐State Correlation to Complexes of Bridging Azo Ligands

Based on data from more than 40 crystal structures of metal complexes with azo‐based bridging ligands (2,2′‐azobispyridine, 2,2′‐azobis(5‐chloropyrimidine), azodicarbonyl derivatives), a correlation between the N? N bond lengths (d_NN) and the oxidation state of the ligand (neutral, neutral/back‐donating, radical‐anionic, dianionic) was derived. This correlation was applied to the analysis of four ruthenium compounds of 2,2′‐azobispyridine (abpy), that is, the new asymmetrical rac‐[(acac)₂Ru1(μ‐abpy)Ru2(bpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ ([ 1 ](ClO₄)₂), [Ru(acac)₂(abpy)] ( 2 ), [Ru(bpy)₂(abpy)](ClO₄)₂ ([ 3 ](ClO₄)₂), and meso‐[(bpy)₂Ru(μ‐abpy)Ru(bpy)₂](ClO₄)₃ ([ 4 ](ClO₄)₃; acac^?=2,4‐pentanedionato, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine). In agreement with DFT calculations, both mononuclear species 2 and 3 ²⁺ can be described as ruthenium(II) complexes of unreduced abpy⁰, with 1.295(5)<d_NN<1.320(3) Å, thereby exhibiting effects from π back‐donation. However, the abpy ligand in both the asymmetrical diamagnetic compound 1 ²⁺ (d_NN=1.374(6) Å) and the symmetrical compound 4 ³⁺ (d_NN=1.360(7), 1.368(8) Å) must be formulated as abpy^.?. Remarkably, the addition of [Ru^II(bpy)₂]²⁺ to mononuclear [Ru^II(acac)₂(abpy⁰)] induces intracomplex electron‐transfer under participation of the noninnocent abpy bridge to yield rac‐[(acac)₂Ru1^III(μ‐abpy^.?)Ru2^II(bpy)₂]²⁺ ( 1 ²⁺) with strong antiferromagnetic coupling between abpy^.? and Ru^III (DFT (B3LYP/LANL2DZ/6‐31G*)‐calculated triplet–singlet energy separation E_S=1?E_S=0=11739 cm^?1). Stepwise one‐electron transfer was studied for compound 1 ⁿ, n=1?, 0, 1+, 2+, 3+, by UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry, EPR spectroscopy, and by DFT calculations. Whereas the first oxidation of compound 1 ²⁺ was found to mainly involve the central ligand to produce an (abpy⁰)‐bridged Class I mixed‐valent Ru1^IIIRu2^II species, the first reduction of compound 1 ²⁺ affected both the bridge and Ru1 atom to form a radical complex ( 1 ⁺), with considerable metal participation in the spin‐distribution. Further reduction moves the spin towards the {Ru2(bpy)₂} entity.     

Near‐IR Absorbing Ruthenium Complexes of Non‐Innocent 6,12‐Di(pyridin‐2‐yl)indolo[3,2‐b]carbazole: Variation as a Function of Co‐Ligands

This article deals with the hitherto unexplored metal complexes of deprotonated 6,12‐di(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐5,11‐dihydroindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (H₂L). The synthesis and structural, optical, electrochemical characterization of dimeric [{Ru^III(acac)₂}₂(μ‐L^.?)]ClO₄ ([ 1 ]ClO₄, S=1/2), [{Ru^II(bpy)₂}₂(μ‐L^.?)](ClO₄)₃ ([ 2 ](ClO₄)₃, S=1/2), [{Ru^II(pap)₂}₂(μ‐L^2?)](ClO₄)₂ ([ 4 ](ClO₄)₂, S=0), and monomeric [(bpy)₂Ru^II(HL^?)]ClO₄ ([ 3 ]ClO₄, S=0), [(pap)₂Ru^II(HL^?)]ClO₄ ([ 5 ]ClO₄, S=0) (acac=σ‐donating acetylacetonate, bpy=moderately π‐accepting 2,2’‐bipyridine, pap=strongly π‐accepting 2‐phenylazopyridine) are reported. The radical and dianionic states of deprotonated L in isolated dimeric 1 ⁺/ 2 ³⁺ and 4 ²⁺, respectively, could be attributed to the varying electronic features of the ancillary (acac, bpy, and pap) ligands, as was reflected in their redox potentials. Perturbation of the energy level of the deprotonated L or HL upon coordination with {Ru(acac)₂}, {Ru(bpy)₂}, or {Ru(pap)₂} led to the smaller energy gap in the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), resulting in bathochromically shifted NIR absorption bands (800–2000 nm) in the accessible redox states of the complexes, which varied to some extent as a function of the ancillary ligands. Spectroelectrochemical (UV/Vis/NIR, EPR) studies along with DFT/TD‐DFT calculations revealed (i) involvement of deprotonated L or HL in the oxidation processes owing to its redox non‐innocent potential and (ii) metal (Ru^III/Ru^II) or bpy/pap dominated reduction processes in 1 ⁺ or 2 ²⁺/ 3 ⁺/ 4 ²⁺/ 5 ⁺, respectively.     

双核钌(II)多吡啶配合物与酵母RNA的相互作用研究

用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱滴定、稳态荧光淬灭和反向盐滴定实验研究了双核钌(II)配合物[(bpy)₂Ru(ebipcH₂)Ru(bpy)₂](ClO₄)₄ {bpy＝2,2'-联吡啶; ebipcH₂＝N-乙基-4,7-二(咪唑-[4,5-f]-(1,10-邻菲啰啉)-2-基)咔唑}与酵母RNA的相互作用. 结果表明该双核配合物以插入方式与酵母RNA作用, 在生理盐浓度下(≈150 mmol/L NaCl)该配合物与RNA的相互作用明显强于DNA.     

Three Bis‐BODIPY Analogous Diruthenium Redox Series: Characterization and Electronic Structure Analysis

The dianion derived from (2Z,6Z)‐3,7‐diphenyl‐N2,N6‐di(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrrolo[2,3‐f]indole‐2,6(1H,5H)‐diimine (H₂BL), a modified BODIPY ligand precursor, is shown to be capable of bridging two metal complex fragments RuL₂, L=2,4‐pentanedionato (acac^?), 2,2’‐bipyridine (bpy) or 2‐phenylazopyridine (pap) in [Ru(acac)₂Ru(μ‐BL)Ru(acac)₂] ( 1 / 2 ), [Ru(bpy)₂Ru(μ‐BL)Ru(bpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ ([ 3 ](ClO₄)₂) and [Ru(pap)₂Ru(μ‐BL)Ru(pap)₂](ClO₄)₂ ([ 4 ](ClO₄)₂). The compounds, including a diastereoisomeric pair 1 (meso) and 2 (rac) were spectroscopically and structurally characterized. Reversible electron transfers as revealed by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry allowed for an EPR and UV‐vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation of several neighboring charge states. Together with susceptibility measurements and TD‐DFT calculations the assignment of oxidation states reveals that 1 , 2 are diruthenium(III) species which can be oxidized or reduced by one electron whereas 3 ²⁺ and 4 ²⁺ contain ruthenium(II) and get reduced or oxidized mainly at the dianionic bridge ( 3 ²⁺) or are reduced at the ancillary ligands pap ( 4 ²⁺).     

Heterodinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complexes of the Bridging Ligand 1,6,7,12‐Tetraazaperylene with Iron(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), as well as Palladium(II) and Platinum(II)

The first heterodinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of the 1,6,7,12‐tetraazaperylene (tape) bridging ligand with iron(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) were synthesized and characterized. The metal coordination sphere in this complexes is filled by the tetradentate N,N′‐dimethyl‐2,11‐diaza[3.3](2,6)‐pyridinophane (L‐N₄Me₂) ligand, yielding complexes of the general formula [(L‐N₄Me₂)Ru(µ‐tape)M(L‐N₄Me₂)](ClO₄)₂(PF₆)₂ with M = Fe {[ 2 ](ClO₄)₂(PF₆)₂}, Co {[ 3 ](ClO₄)₂(PF₆)₂}, and Ni {[ 4 ](ClO₄)₂(PF₆)₂}. Furthermore, the heterodinuclear tape ruthenium(II) complexes with palladium(II)‐ and platinum(II)‐dichloride [(bpy)₂Ru(μ‐tape)PdCl₂](PF₆)₂ {[ 5 ](PF₆)₂} and [(dmbpy)₂Ru(μ‐tape)PtCl₂](PF₆)₂ {[ 6 ](PF₆)₂}, respectively were also prepared. The molecular structures of the complex cations [ 2 ]⁴⁺ and [ 4 ]⁴⁺ were discussed on the basis of the X‐ray structures of [ 2 ](ClO₄)₄ · MeCN and [ 4 ](ClO₄)₄ · MeCN. The electrochemical behavior and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of the heterodinuclear tape ruthenium(II) complexes were explored and compared with the data of the analogous mono‐ and homodinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of the tape bridging ligand.     

Evaluation of the Oxo‐bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium Ammine Complex as Redox Mediator in an Electrochemical Biosensor

The mediation of electron‐transfer by oxo‐bridged dinuclear ruthenium ammine [(bpy)₂(NH₃)Ru^III(µ‐O)Ru^III(NH₃)(bpy)₂]⁴⁺ for the oxidation of glucose was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. These ruthenium (III) complexes exhibit appropriate redox potentials of 0.131–0.09 V vs. SCE to act as electron‐transfer mediators. The plot of anodic current vs. the glucose concentration was linear in the concentration range between 2.52×10^?5 and 1.00×10^?4 mol L^?1. Moreover, the apparent Michaelis‐Menten kinetic (K_M^app) and the catalytic (K_cat) constants were 8.757×10^?6 mol L^?1 and 1,956 s^?1, respectively, demonstrating the efficiency of the ruthenium dinuclear oxo‐complex [(bpy)₂(NH₃)Ru^III(µ‐O)Ru^III(NH₃)(bpy)₂]⁴⁺ as mediator of redox electron‐transfer.     

Synthesis,Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Properties of Four Novel Trinuclear RuII Polypyridyl Complexes Containing Diazafluorene

Four tripodal ligands L^1–4 derived from 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐one were synthesized. L^1–2 formed by the reaction of 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime with 1,3,5‐tris(bromomethyl)benzene, and 1,1,1‐tris(p‐tosyloxymethyl)propane, respectively and L^3–4 formed by the condensation of 9‐(4‐hydroxy)phenylimino‐4,5‐diazafluorene with 1,3,5‐tris(bromomethyl)benzene, and 1,1,1‐tris(p‐tosyloxymethyl)propane, respectively. Four trinuclear complexes [(bpy)₆Ru₃L^1–4](PF₆)₆ ( Ru‐L^1–4 ) were obtained by reaction of Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂ · 2H₂O with ligands L^1–4. The photophysical behaviors of these complexes were investigated by UV/Vis absorption and emission spectrometry. The complexes display metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer absorptions at 441–445 nm and emissions at 571–578 nm. Cyclic voltammetry data of the complexes show one Ru^II‐centered oxidation and three successive ligand‐centered reductions.     

Mediated Electrocatalysis at the Electrodes Covered with [MIII(bpy)3](ClO4)3 (M=Co and Fe) in the Presence of Electroactive Solutes

Electron transfer processes for selected redox systems (ferrocene^0/+, decamethylferrocene^0/+, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine^0/+, 7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐quinonedimethane^0/?/2?, cobaltocene^0/+, C₆₀^0/?, and benzoquinone^0/?) at electrodes modified by precipitation of electrochemically inactive [M^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃ (M=Co and Fe, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) layers have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies. The mediation of heterogeneous electron transfer is observed for these systems. For an electrode modified with [M^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃, the rate of the electrocatalytic mediation process depends on the formal potential of the redox system. If the formal potential of the redox system is close to the potential of [Co^II(bpy)₃]²⁺ oxidation (as is the case with the decamethylferrocene^0/+, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine^0/+ and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinonedimethane^0/? systems), the rate of the electrode reaction is limited by the rate of the chemical reduction of the [Co^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃ solid phase by the reduced form of redox couple. For C₆₀ and benzoquinone, which have more negative formal potentials for reduction, the rate of diffusion of the electroactive reactant to the electrode surface limits the rate of electrode process. The kinetics of mediated electrocatalysis are also affected by the solvent. In the case of the Fe(III)‐based layer, the diffusion of the electroactive reactant in the solution is the rate determining step for the catalytic process at the modified electrode for all studied systems. Electrodes modified with [Fe^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃ have been used for the quantitative determination of electroactive compounds. For ferrocene and decamethylferrocene, a linear relationship between the catalytic reduction current and the concentration of reactant in the solution has been observed over the concentration range from 1 to 50 mM.     

Triple Helicates with Golden Strands: Self‐Assembly of M2Au6 Complexes from Gold(I) Metallaligands and Iron(II), Cobalt(II) or Zinc(II) Cations

Alkynyl gold(I) metallaligands [(AuC≡Cbpyl)₂(μ‐diphosphine)] (bpyl=2,2′‐bipyridin‐5‐yl; diphosphine=Ph₂P(CH₂)_nPPh₂, [n=3 (L^Pr), 4 (L^Bu), 5 (L^Pent), 6 (L^Hex)], dppf (L^Fc), Binap (L^Binap) and Diop (L^Diop)) react with MX₂ (M=Fe, Zn, X=ClO₄; M=Co, X=BF₄) to give triple helicates [M₂(L^R)₃]X₄. These complexes, except those containing the semirigid L^Binap metallaligand, present similar hydrodynamic radii (determined by diffusion NMR spectroscopy measurements) and a similar pattern in the aromatic region of their ¹H NMR spectra, which suggests that in solution they adopt a compact structure where the long and flexible organometallic strands are folded. The diastereoselectivity of the self‐assembly process was studied by using chiral metallaligands, and the absolute configuration of the iron(II) complexes with L^Binap and L^Diop was determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD). Thus, (R)‐L^Binap or (S)‐L^Binap specifically induce the formation of (Δ,Δ)‐[Fe₂((R)‐L^Binap)₃](ClO₄)₄ or (Λ,Λ)‐[Fe₂((S)‐L^Binap)₃](ClO₄)₄, respectively, whereas (R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐L^Diop give mixtures of the ΔΔ‐ and ΛΛ‐diastereomers. The ΔΔ helicate diastereomer is dominant in the reaction of Fe^II with (R,R)‐L^Diop, whereas the ΛΛ isomer predominates in the analogous reaction with (S,S)‐L^Diop. The photophysical properties of the new dinuclear alkynyl complexes and the helicates have been studied. The new metallaligands and the [Zn₂(L^R)₃]⁴⁺ helicates present luminescence from [π→π*] excited states mainly located in the C≡Cbpyl units.     

Synthesis,Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of RuII Polypyridyl Complexes Bridged with two Tetrapodal Symmetric and one Asymmetric Ligands

Two symmetric tetrapodal ligands L^1–2 and one asymmetric tetrapodal ligand L³ based on 4,5‐diazafluoren have been synthesized and characterized. Ligands L^1–2 formed by the condensation of pentaerythrityl tetratosylate with 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime and 9‐(4‐hydroxy)phenylimino‐4,5‐diazafluorene, respectively. L³ was prepared by two steps, 9‐(4‐hydroxy)phenylimino‐4,5‐diazafluorene reacted with pentaerythrityl tetratosylate affording 1,1′,1"‐tris[(4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐ylimino)phenoxymethyl]‐1"′‐(p‐tosyloxymethyl)‐methane, which reacted with 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime affording the asymmetric ligand L³. Three tetranuclear Ru^II complexes [(bpy)₈L^1–3Ru₄](PF₆)₈ (bpy = bipyridine) were obtained by the reaction of Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂ · 2H₂O with ligands L^1–3. Spectroscopic studies of these complexes exhibit metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer absorptions at 440–445 nm and emissions at 575–579 nm. The electrochemical behaviors of these complexes are consistent with one Ru^II‐based oxidation couple and three ligand‐centered reduction couples.     

Synthesis, characterization, and pH-induced luminescence switching of two trinuclear Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes containing imidazole

Two tripodal ligands H₃L¹ and H₃L² containing imidazole rings have been prepared by the reaction of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione with 1,3,5-tris[(4-formylphenoxy)methyl]benzene and 1,3,5-tris[(2-formylphenoxy)methyl]benzene, respectively. Trinuclear Ru(II) complexes [(bpy)₆Ru₃H₃L^1?C2](PF₆)₆ (bpy=2,2??-bipyridine) have been obtained by the condensation of Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂?·?2H₂O with ligands H₃L¹ and H₃L², respectively. The pH effects on the UV?CVis absorption and emission spectra of both complexes have been studied, and ground- and excited-state ionization constants of both complexes have been derived. The photophysical properties of both complexes are strongly dependent on the solution pH. They act as pH-induced switchable luminescence sensors through protonation and deprotonation of the imidazole groups, with a maximum on?Coff ratio of 6 in buffer solution at room temperature.     

The Indigo Isomer Epindolidione as a Redox-Active Bridging Ligand for Diruthenium Complexes

Epindolidione (H₂L), a heteroatom-modified analogue of tetracene and a structural isomer of indigo, forms dinuclear complexes with [RuX₂]²⁺, X=bpy (2,2′-bipyridine, [ 1 ]²⁺) or pap (2-phenylazopyridine, [ 2 ]²⁺), in its doubly deprotonated bridging form μ-L²⁻. The dications in compounds meso-[ 1 ](ClO₄)₂ and meso-[ 2 ](ClO₄)₂, [X₂Ru(μ-L)RuX₂](ClO₄)₂, contain five-membered chelate rings N-C−C-O-Ru^II with π bridged metals at an intramolecular distance of 7.19 Å. Stepwise reversible oxidation and reduction is mainly ligand centered (oxidation: L²⁻; reduction: X), as deduced from EPR of one-electron oxidized and reduced intermediates and from UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry, supported by TD-DFT calculation results. The results for [ 1 ](ClO₄)₂ and [ 2 ](ClO₄)₂ are qualitatively similar to the ones observed with the deprotonated indigo-bridged isomers with their six-membered chelate ring structures, confirming the suitability of both π systems for molecular electronics applications, low-energy absorptions, and multiple electron transfers.     

Reactivity of triazolyl Schiff bases with Ru(II)-2,2′-bipyridyl: Synthesis,spectroscopic characterization of isomers and their photo-physical properties

The condensation of 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole with benzaldehyde and terephthalaldehyde provides the bidentate and tetradentate Schiff bases 1,2,4-triazolo-3-imino-benzene L¹H and 1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazolo-3-imino)benzene L²H₂, respectively. The well characterized Schiff bases were allowed to react with cis-Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂ · 2H₂O. Isomers of the mononuclear complexes Ru(bpy)₂L¹]PF₆ · NH₄PF₆ (1a, N4) and [Ru(bpy)₂L¹]PF₆ · 0.5NH₄PF₆ (1b, N2), and the dinuclear Ru(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)₂L²Ru(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ · NH₄PF₆ (2a, N4N4), [Ru(bpy)₂L²Ru(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ · NH₄PF₆ · 2H₂O (2b, N2N2) and [Ru(bpy)₂L²Ru(bpy)₂](PF₆)₃ · NH₄PF₆ (2c, Ru(II)-Ru(III)) were separated by column chromatography and characterized by their elemental analysis, FAB mass and spectral (IR, NMR, UV–Vis) data. The data obtained suggest that the ligands are bound to the metal centre via the N4 and N2 atoms of the triazole moiety along with the N (imine) atom. The complexes display metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions in the visible region from the dπ(Ru^II) → π^∗L transition. Highly intense ligand-based π→π^∗ transitions are observed in the UV region. A dual emission occurs from the N2 and N2N2 isomers.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Properties of Two Macrocyclic Dinuclear Complexes

Two macrocyclic dinuclear complexes, [Cu₂L¹](PF₆)₂ and [Cu₂L²](ClO₄)₂, were synthesized by cyclo-condensation between N,N′-bis(3-formyl-5-methylsalicylidene)ethylenediimine or N,N′- bis(3-formyl-5-n-butylsalicylidene)ethylenediimine and ethylenediamine in the presence of Cu²⁺ ions. The crystal structures of the complexes were studied. The variable-temperature magnetic susceptibilities and cyclic voltammograms of the complexes were measured. The magnetic and electrochemical properties of the complexes were discussed. The results show that the complexes display very strong antiferromagnetic exchanges and that all copper(II) complexes undergo a one-electron transfer process.     

The interaction of a novel ruthenium (II) complex with self‐assembled DNA film on silicon surface

Calf thymus DNA (ct‐DNA) films were immobilized onto patterned silicon wafers through electrostatic self‐assembly technology and interacted with a novel dinuclear ruthenium (II) complex, [(bpy)₂Ru(H₂bpi)Ru(bpy)₂](ClO₄)₄, which were demonstrated by using a confocal optical microscope. The morphology of the DNA film was measured by atomic force microscopy and the results show that the DNA strands have been folded into coiled conformations and aggregated into circles with diameters between 18 and 55 nm. The interaction process was also monitored by UV‐visible and fluorescence spectra and investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectra. The results show that the Ru (II) complex interacts with ct‐DNA by the intercalative mode as it behaves in aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Copper(II), Cobalt(II), and Nickel(II) Complexes of two Novel Pyridine‐derived Macrocyclic Ligands bearing o‐ and pNitrobenzyl Pendant Groups

The pendant‐armed ligands L¹ and L² were synthesized by N‐alkylation of the four secondary amine groups of the macrocyclic precursor L using o‐nitrobenzylbromide (L¹) and p‐nitrobenzylbromide (L²). Nitrates and perchlorates of Cu^II, Ni^II and Co^II were used to synthesize the metal complexes of both ligands and the complexes were characterized by microanalysis, MS‐FAB, conductivity measurements, IR and UV‐Vis spectroscopy and magnetic studies. The crystal structures of L¹, [CuL¹](ClO₄)₂·CH₃CN·H₂O, [CuL²](ClO₄)₂·6CH₃CN, [CuL²][Cu(NO₃)₄]·5CH₃CN·0.5CH₃OH and [NiL²](ClO₄)₂·3CH₃CN·H₂O were determined by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. These structural analysis reveal the free ligand L¹, three mononuclear endomacrocyclic complexes {[CuL¹](ClO₄)₂·CH₃CN·H₂O, [CuL²](ClO₄)₂·6CH₃CN and [NiL²](ClO₄)₂·3CH₃CN·H₂O} and one binuclear complex {[CuL²][Cu(NO₃)₄]·5CH₃CN·0.5CH₃OH} in which one of the metals is in the macrocyclic framework and the other metal is outside the ligand cavity and coordinated to four nitrate ions.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complexes Based on 4,4′‐Bipyridyl Type Bridging Ligands

The synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical and photophysical characterization of a series of dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [(bpy)₂Ru(NnN)₂RuCl(bpy)₂](PF₆)₃, where NnN = 4,4′‐bipyridyl (N0N), 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (NEN), 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane (N2N), and 4,4′‐trimethylenedipyridine (N3N) are reported. The photophysical and electrochemical properties are discussed with particular emphasis on the ability of the bridging ligands to support intercomponent interaction.     

Syntheses,Crystal Structure,and Magnetic Properties of a Self‐assembling Dicopper(II) Helicate with Novel Bipyridine Ligand

A novel double helical dicopper(II) complex was synthesized by reaction of a polydentate ligand L = 2,2′‐bipyridyl‐6,6′‐bis(2‐acetylpyrazinohydrazone) with copper(II) perchlorate in CH₃CN. The self‐assembling process was studied by UV‐Vis spectrometric titration experiments which revealed the formation of dinuclear complexes [Cu₂L₂](ClO₄)₄. The structure of dicopper double‐helicate was confirmed by X‐ray diffractometry. Each copper(II) center occupies a distorted octahedral environment. Variable‐temperature magnetic measurements reveal weak antiferromagnetic interactions between Cu(II) ion centers with J = ?0.63 cm^?1.