一种用于材料高应变率剪切性能测试的新型加载技术

高应变率下的冲击剪切实验技术是材料动态力学行为及其微观机理研究的重要基础.采用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar)装置一般可以获得材料在104s-1以内应变率的动态力学性能.在超过104s-1的应变率下对材料进行冲击剪切测试时,通常需要采用高速压剪飞片技术或由气炮发射子弹对试样进行直接加载.本文提出一种可用于传统霍普金森压杆技术的新型双剪切试样,可以在103~105s-1剪应变率范围实现对材料剪切性能的精确测量;同时,可以对材料的变形及失效过程进行直接观测.试样与压杆之间避免了复杂的界面或连接装置,通过转接头可以保证试样与压杆直接接触,提高测试精度,同时可以防止因试样的横向位移而导致的非均匀变形.获得了紫铜在1400~75000s-1应变率下的剪应力-剪应变曲线,并采用计算软件"ABAQUS/Explicit"对双剪切试样的动态加载过程进行了数值模拟和结果验证.分析表明,剪切区的主要区域内剪切成分占主导地位,其应力应变场沿厚度及宽度方向基本呈均匀分布.实验得到的剪应力-剪应变曲线与模拟结果吻合较好,说明所提出的基于分离式霍普金森压杆系统的双剪切试样可以为材料的高应变率力学性能测试提供一种方便有效的加载技术.      

聚碳酸酯的高应变率拉伸实验

为了解应变率对聚碳酸酯拉伸力学行为的影响,在旋转盘式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验机和MTS809材料试验机上,对聚碳酸酯棒材进行了高应变率和准静态加载下的单向拉伸试验,应变率分别为380 s-1、800 s-1、1750 s-1和0.001 s-1、0.05 s-1,得到了聚碳酸酯的拉伸应力应变曲线.试验结果表明:聚碳酸酯的拉伸力学性能具有明显的应变率相关性,其屈服应力和失稳应变随应变率的增加而增大.依据试验结果,采用朱王唐粘弹性本构模型来描述聚碳酸酯的非线性粘弹性拉伸力学行为.模型结果显示,在本文实施的应变率范围内,朱王唐模型可以较好地表征聚碳酸酯的拉伸应力应变响应.     

Al2O3陶瓷动静态压缩下碎片形貌与破坏机理分析

为探究Al₂O₃陶瓷的宏观力学响应与破坏机理,分别利用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆对其进行准静态和动态压缩实验,同时通过原位光学成像观测试样的破坏过程,并利用同步辐射CT和扫描电镜（SEM）对回收碎片的尺寸和形状以及微观破坏模式进行表征分析。宏观强度数据表明,Al₂O₃陶瓷的抗压强度符合Weibull分布,且与加载应变率呈现指数增长关系。原位光学成像和SEM回收分析共同揭示了动静态加载下裂纹成核与扩展模式存在明显差异。准静态加载时材料微观上更易发生沿晶断裂,宏观表现为劈裂裂纹较少,且倾向于沿加载方向传播并贯穿整个试样;而动态加载时穿晶断裂占主导地位,劈裂裂纹明显增加并发生相互作用,因此在传播过程中容易分叉而形成大量次生裂纹,提高了试样内裂纹密度。这与碎片的CT表征结果一致,即碎片平均球形度和伸长、扁平指数等均随应变率对数线性增加。破坏模式的改变最终导致高应变率下陶瓷材料应变率敏感性显著增强。     

Grain size,strain rate,and temperature dependence of flow stress in ultra-fine grained and nanocrystalline Cu and Al: Synthesis,experiment, and constitutive modeling

For the first time, high quality bulk nanocrystalline (nc) fcc metals, with least amounts of imperfections, exhibiting high strength and ductility at room and different temperatures, under quasi-static and dynamic types of loading, were prepared and a comprehensive study on their post-yield mechanical properties was performed. This investigation included study of the effect of temperature on stress–strain responses of mechanically milled bulk nc Cu and Al. The samples after preparation through mechanical milling and consolidation processes were subjected to uniaxial compressive loading at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates of 10⁻² s⁻¹ and 1840–3105 s⁻¹, respectively, at temperatures ranging from 223 to 523 K. In both materials strong dependency of flow stress to temperature was observed; this dependency was rather more pronounced when the materials were tested at the quasi-static strain rate. Further, a new grain size and temperature dependent viscoplastic phenomenological constitutive equation, Khan–Liang–Farrokh (KLF) model was developed based on the Khan–Huang–Liang (KHL) constitutive equation. The model was featured to correlate different characteristic behaviors of polycrystalline materials in the plastic regime, as the result of grain refinement. In addition, the viscoplastic responses of bulk Cu and Al of different grain sizes (from sub-micron to nanometer range), and those from bulk nc Cu and Al at different strain rates (quasi-static to dynamic), recently published (21 and 22), were simulated using the newly developed equation. The results confirmed reasonable capability of the developed model to correlate a wide spectrum of the viscoplastic responses of these fcc metals.     

双基推进剂的高应变率力学特性及其含损伤ZWT本构

为了解双基推进剂在冲击载荷下的力学特性及本构行为,利用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对双基推进剂进行了单轴压缩实验,并对实验数据的有效性进行了检验。用二波法对实验数据进行处理,得到了双基推进剂的应力应变曲线。实验结果表明:双基推进剂具有明显的应变率相关性,动态下屈服应力与静态下相比明显提高,且屈服应力表现为应变率对数的双线性关系;双基推进剂屈服应变表现为延脆转换特性,在低应变率下表现为延展性,高应变率下表现为冲击脆化特性。利用含损伤朱王唐（ZWT）本构模型对实验结果进行了拟合,得到了模型中的本构参数,并对损伤因子项进行了分析。通过模型预测曲线与实验曲线的对比,发现含损伤ZWT本构能较好地描述双基推进剂在0～0.14应变范围内的力学特性。     

碳布叠层/碳复合材料动态压缩性能测试研究

利用带有波形整形器的Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)技术测试了碳布叠层/碳复合材料在应变率为500、1 500 s-1时的动态压缩性能。研究结果表明:利用轧制紫铜作为整形器材料不仅可以有效地实现对碳布叠层/碳复合材料的常应变率压缩加载，而且有助于改善试样两端的应力平衡，从而保证测试数据的可靠性；此外，与准静态压缩相比较，在动态压缩载荷下，碳布叠层/碳复合材料的压缩强度有较强的应变率效应，且复合材料压缩强度的动态增加函数可以用Cowper-Symonds幂函数的形式来表示。     

MDYB-3有机玻璃在不同应变率下的一维屈服行为

对MDYB-3有机玻璃进行了多组不同应变率(10-3~3 000 s-1)下的压缩实验, 得到准静态下的屈服应力与动态下的峰值应力。沿其增强与面内2个方向进行准静态压缩实验, 以分析定向拉伸对屈服应力的影响, 修正了Ree-Eyring模型与Cooperative模型以描述定向有机玻璃的屈服行为。采用Johnson-Cook模型描述屈服后的黏塑性行为。结果表明Cooperative屈服模型比Ree-Eyring屈服模型更接近实验结果, 且能准确描述准静态屈服应力。动态压缩下的峰值应力为失效应力, 说明试样在1 500 s-1以上应变率下未达到屈服应力时已经发生破坏。Johnson-Cook模型对于单条曲线拟合良好, 但无法准确描述材料的应变率相关性。     

酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为及本构模型

为了研究酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为并获得本构模型,利用万能试验机和整形修正的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置,对材料试样进行了应变率范围为10-3~103 s-1的单轴压缩实验,得到了不同加载应变率下的应力应变曲线,对其在准静态、动态载荷下的压缩破坏机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,酚醛层压材料具有较强的应变率效应,与准静态(1.67×10-3 s-1)时相比,在动态载荷(7×102 s-1)下,峰值应力增加了约10倍;破坏应变减少了约一半;在准静态和动态加载条件下试样力学性能的差异是由于纤维基体界面特性以及不同应变率下破坏模式的不同;采用朱-王-唐本构方程描述了酚醛层压材料力学行为,拟合得到了本构方程的系数,在加载过程中,理论计算值与实验结果吻合较好。     

应变率对光圆钢筋与混凝土“粘结-滑移”行为影响的实验研究

为研究应变率对钢筋与混凝土界面粘结性能的影响,利用高速拉伸试验机进行了光圆钢筋的动态拔出实验。通过合理设计加载夹具和测试方法,得到不同应变率下光圆钢筋的“粘结-滑移”全程曲线。实验结果表明:随着应变率的增大,钢筋-混凝土界面的粘结强度显著提高,且界面失效形式由拔出失效为主转变为混凝土试件的破裂破坏为主;粘结强度的动态增强因子(fDIF)随应变率的增长斜率明显可以分为低应变率和高应变率两个区段。低应变率下,fDIF 增长较为缓慢;而高应变率下,fDIF快速增长;转变应变率约为33 s^-1。     

Creep crack-tip constraint effect in high temperature structures

如何对蠕变裂纹扩展寿命进行准确预测和评价是高温结构完整性评定、寿命设计和运行维护中需要解决的核心问题.基于宏观单参数C^*的蠕变断裂行为的评价方法,未有效纳入裂尖拘束效应的影响,因而其评价结果过于保守或非保守.目前国内外还未建立起有效纳入裂尖拘束效应的高温结构蠕变寿命评价的理论体系和技术方法,还没有纳入蠕变拘束效应的高温结构完整性评定规范.本文综述了作者近年来在高温蠕变断裂拘束效应方面的研究工作.主要包括：裂尖拘束对材料蠕变裂纹扩展行为的影响及机理;蠕变裂尖场和拘束参数R的定义和影响因素;载荷无关的蠕变拘束参数R^*的提出及其应用基础;承压管道表面裂纹的拘束参数R^*解及纳入裂尖拘束的蠕变寿命评价方法;试样与管道轴向裂纹蠕变裂尖拘束的关联;基于裂尖等效蠕变应变的面内与面外蠕变裂尖拘束的统一表征参数A_c的研究;材料拘束相关的蠕变裂纹扩展速率的建立;宽范围C^*区蠕变裂纹扩展速率及其拘束效应的数值预测;材料拘束对焊接接头蠕变裂纹扩展行为的影响及机理等.这些研究为建立纳入裂尖拘束效应的高温部件的蠕变裂纹扩展寿命评价方法奠定了理论和技术基础.论文对后续拟开展的工作也进行了展望.     

基于Khan-Huang模型高强度钢DP600率相关特性实验与本构模型研究

对汽车用高强钢DP600在10-4s-1~103s-1应变率范围内进行力学拉伸实验,在此基础上,采用唯象的方法对Khan-Huang本构模型进行修正建立DP600考虑率敏感效应的本构模型,对高应变率下试样的拉伸过程进行数值模拟验证模型有效性.结果表明,高强钢常温下具有明显的应变率敏感特性,高应变率下材料的屈服应力接近低应变率下的两倍.对Khan-Huang本构模型进行修正后可以比较准确地描述材料在不同应变率下力学行为,且参数容易确定,便于在有限元软件中实现接口,因此该模型可进一步应用于汽车的碰撞安全数值仿真中.     

PMMA材料的动态压缩力学特性及应变率相关本构模型研究

利用INSTRON万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)对PMMA试件在较宽应变率范围内进行了单轴压缩实验,研究加载应变率对PMMA材料力学性能的影响.利用扫描电子显微镜对回收的试样进行了显微观察,重点分析不同加载应变率下PMMA的微观损伤破坏模式.结果表明:随着应变率的增大,PMMA的流动应力显著地增加,且冲击加载条件下,峰值应力的应变率敏感性明显高于准静态;在准静态加载条件下,PMMA试样呈现明显的延性破坏特征,在动态加载条件下则表现为脆性破坏.最后,对PMMA材料的ZWT粘弹性本构模型参数进行了拟合,拟合结果与实验结果吻合较好,表明该本构模型能够较好地描述较宽应变率范围内PMMA材料的应力应变关系.     

基于PVDF薄膜传感器的猪肝动态压缩力学性能测试

瞬态冲击载荷作用下肝脏的力学响应是损伤生物力学的重要研究内容。本文提出了一种可用于软组织动态压缩力学特性测试的改进SHPB(分离式霍普金森压杆,Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)方法。该方法采用PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯,Polyvinylidene Fluor)压电薄膜传感器测量实验过程中试件两端面的受力,以此来计算试件的应力,从而无需测量透射杆上的微弱透射信号。猪肝试样前后端面的PVDF压电信号对比表明,加载过程中试样达到了动态应力平衡状态。试样动态压缩中的惯性效应主要在加载的初始阶段对透射应力信号造成较大影响,在大变形阶段惯性效应引起的轴向应力较小。利用此方法对猪肝组织进行三种高应变率(1800s^-1,2500s^-1,3500s^-1)的动态压缩实验,并采用基于真实应变的惯性效应公式对实验数据进行修正计算。结果表明:猪肝组织在准静态与高应变率时的应力应变曲线都呈现出凹向上的非线性特征,即曲线初始阶段应力增长较缓慢,当应变达到15%后应力值则迅速增大;猪肝组织也具有明显的应变率效应,即随着应变率的增加,应力应变曲线的整体应力值也随之增大。最后,采用黏超弹性本构模型描述了猪肝组织的动态应力应变曲线。     

Characterization of Anisotropic Polymeric Foam Under Static and Dynamic Loading

An orthotropic polymeric foam with transverse isotropy (Divinycell H250) used in composite sandwich structures was characterized at various strain rates. Uniaxial experiments were conducted along principal material axes as well as along off-axis directions under tension, compression, and shear to determine engineering constants, such as Young??s and shear moduli. Uniaxial strain experiments were conducted to determine mathematical stiffness constants, i. e., C _ij . An optimum specimen aspect ratio for these tests was selected by means of finite element analysis. Quasi-static and intermediate strain rate tests were conducted in a servo-hydraulic testing machine. High strain rate tests were conducted using a split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system built for the purpose using polymeric (polycarbonate) bars. The polycarbonate material has an impedance that is closer to that of foam than metals and results in lower noise to signal ratios and longer loading pulses. It was determined by analysis and verified experimentally that the loading pulses applied, propagated along the polycarbonate rods at nearly constant phase velocity with very low attenuation and dispersion. Material properties of the foam were obtained at three strain rates, quasi-static (10^?4 s^?1), intermediate (1 s^?1), and high (10³ s^?1) strain rates. A simple model proposed for the Young??s modulus of the foam was in very good agreement with the present and published experimental results.     

A HYBRID TECHNIQUE FOR COMPRESSION TESTING AT INTERMEDIATE STRAIN RATES

It is difficult to obtain accurate load information at strain rates on the order of 10² s^-1 using a quartz load cell. We have developed a hybrid apparatus which combines the loading capability of a hydraulic test machine with the load-measurement technique of the Hopkinson bar. Tests comparing the output of the Hopkinson bar to the quartz cell clearly demonstrate the increase in resolution obtained with the hybrid technique.     

Strain rate sensitivity of flow stress at low temperatures in 304n stainless steel

Strain rate and temperature effects on the flow stress of 304N stainless steel were investigated using data obtained from torsion tests on thin-walled tubular specimens, at given strain rates of between 10⁻³ and 10⁻¹ with temperatures ranging from 83 to 296 K. Initially, the apparent strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress, obtained at test temperatures of 83, 153, 213, and 296 K, was examined. The strain dependence and the strain rate dependence of the mechanical threshold stress (the flow stress at O K) at strains less than 0.1 and at strain rates of 2.4 × 10⁻³ and 8.3 × 10² s⁻¹, is also discussed. It was concluded from the experimental results that the mechanical threshold stress depends not only on the strain but also on the strain rate.     

三种加载方向下云杉静动态力学性能研究

利用INSTRON和Hopkinson压杆对含水率为12.72%, 密度为413kg/m^{3}云杉木材试件沿顺纹、横纹径向和横纹弦向进行准静态和动态压缩实验, 获得了云杉木材3个方向的抗压模量、准静态压缩应力应变曲线和3种应变率下的动态应力应变曲线. 结果表明云杉木材沿顺纹方向加载破坏形式表现为木材纤维轴向屈曲、褶皱; 横纹径向和弦向加载失效行为表现为木材纤维间的滑移破坏. 云杉顺纹方向抗压弹性模量最大, 分别约为横纹径向抗压弹性模量的21倍和横纹弦向抗压弹性模量的32倍; 横纹径向和弦向准静态压缩屈服应力基本相等, 试件沿顺纹方向准静态压缩屈服应力约为横纹径向和弦向屈服应力的9倍; 动态压缩屈服强度具有率敏感性, 在应变率为500-1000s^{-1}动态压缩实验中顺纹、横纹径向和弦向动压屈服强度均随着应变率的增加而显著提高. 同时对不同方向压缩下木材胞壁失效行为进行了理论分析, 表明产生完全压缩失效的平均极限载荷与胞壁屈服强度、胞元结构和产生的褶皱长度相关.      

PTFE/Al含能复合物的本构关系

室温下,利用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆获得了PTFE/Al含能复合物在应变率10-3~103s-1范围内的压缩应力应变曲线。通过对不同应变率下力学性能的分析,初步建立了材料基于Johnson-Cook塑性模型的压缩本构方程,考虑了材料的应变硬化效应和应变率效应。利用该方程进行的PTFE/Al弹丸侵彻钢靶板的数值模拟结果与实际情况较符合,验证了该方程的可靠性和合理性,对PTFE/Al材料的实际应用也具有一定的指导作用。     

A strain rate dependent yield criterion for isotropic polymers: Low to high rates of loading

In this study, strain rate sensitivity of yield behavior in a semicrystalline polymer, Nylon 101, was experimentally investigated. A precise definition of yield was established for the polymer by deforming several specimens to certain levels of strain and measuring the residual strains after unloading and strain recovery. The material was then subjected to different loading conditions (uniaxial to multiaxial) at four different quasi-static and intermediate strain rates to determine several points on the material's yield loci. Due to positive strain rate sensitivity of this polymer, the material's yield loci expanded uniformly as the strain rates were increased to higher values. Further, an empirical hydrostatic pressure dependent yield equation (with four material constants) was developed to simulate these behaviors as a function of strain rate. The capability of the developed criterion was examined by simulating high strain rate yield behavior of the material in tension and in compression. The simulation results revealed very good correlations/predictions between the experimental data and the responses determined from the proposed yield criterion.     

高导无氧铜在大变形、不同温度和不同应变率下的流动应力和本构模型

为了理解高导无氧铜(OFHC Cu)的塑性流动行为,采用Instron液压试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆,系统地对OFHC Cu进行了温度为77 ~1 000 K,应变率为0.001 ~7 000 s-1,以及真实应变超过80%的单轴压缩试验。结果表明:在0.001 s-1应变率下, OFHC Cu在约500 K呈现动态应变时效现象。随应变率增高,动态应变时效温度区域向更高温度移动,甚至动态应变时效现象消失。在高应变变形区域,相对温度来说,OFHC Cu塑性流动应力对应变率依赖更强。基于位错运动学和动力学概念,考虑位错在高温和高应变率的粘-曳阻力现象,结合试验结果,导出一个基于物理概念的本构模型。此模型可预测从低到高不同应变率不同温度下OFHC Cu的塑性流动应力。通过比较表明,本构模型预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。