酞菁铁催化烯烃自由基膦叠氮化反应:利用叠氮快速转移合成膦叠氮的温和方法

含氮和磷原子的化合物是生命系统中不可缺少的组成部分,由于其独特的化学、生物和物理性质,已被广泛应用于农业化学、材料科学和制药学.如果一个有机化合物同时含有氮和磷原子,它可能因为胺和膦/磷酸盐基团的协同作用而具有额外的功能.2015年赵玉芬院士和唐果教授报道了一例自由基叠氮膦酰化的例子,该反应虽然有效,但因需使用化学剂量的氧化性自由基引发剂Mn(OAc)3·2H2O,因此,有必要发展一种更环保经济的方法.本文报道了铁催化烯烃的分子间自由基膦叠氮化反应.该方法使用了微量的催化剂,通过自由基接力与叠氮基团转移实现分子间自由基膦叠氮化反应.实验先进行条件筛选,考察了催化剂类型、催化剂用量、氧化剂类型、溶剂和温度对反应的影响,确定以酞菁铁为催化剂,叔丁基过氧化氢(TBHP)为引发剂,乙腈为溶剂,苯乙烯、叠氮基三甲基硅烷、二苯基膦酰为模板反应底物为最佳条件,实现了二苯基膦酰对烯烃的自由基膦酰基叠氮化反应.在最优条件下进行底物拓展,制备得到27种膦叠氮化合物,产率为23％～88％.以制得的膦叠氮产物为起始原料,通过叠氮还原和Click反应制备得到三种衍生物,产率为82％～97％,可作为药物合成中间体进行下一步研究.本文还进行了机理实验和理论计算.在自由基钟实验和自由基捕获实验中,通过两种不同速率的自由基开环反应与自由基捕获反应证实了反应的自由基路径.质谱检测到酞菁铁羟基(PcFeⅢOH)和酞菁铁叠氮(PcFeⅢN3)的存在.采用密度泛函理论计算了不同自旋态下的酞菁铁(PcFe),以确定可能的催化剂种类,并计算出三重态3pcFe最稳定.从三重态3pcFe开始计算铁催化叔丁基过氧化氢的单电子转移,并计算了从叔丁氧基自由基开始的自由基接力,证实了膦酰苄基自由基的形成是最有利的途径;研究结果发现膦酰苄基自由基能与4pcFe(N3)反应,发生叠氮基团转移生成目标产物.在叠氮基团转移计算中,考察了四种合理的途径,分别是苄基在三重态或五重态势能面接近叠氮基团的内部或端位氮原子(Ni和Nt).结果 表明,叠氮基团从叠氮基酞菁铁(Ⅲ)物种(PcFeⅢN3)转移到苄基自由基的活化能(4.8 kcal/mol)极低.据此催化循环机理可能为:酞菁铁首先与叔丁基过氧化氢发生单电子转移形成酞菁铁羟基中间体及叔丁氧自由基;然后,二苯基膦酰的氢原子被叔丁氧自由基攫取生成二苯基膦酰自由基,并加成至苯乙烯形成苄基自由基.同时,酞菁铁羟基中间体与HN3进行配体交换形成酞菁铁叠氮中间体,最后与苄基自由基进行叠氮基团转移生成产物,并重新生成酞菁铁(Ⅱ).本文证实了铁催化叠氮化反应的自由基基团转移机理(外球机理),因为很难想象如何在酞菁铁的同侧同时加成叠氮与苄基基团,通过生成高价铁物种(PcFe-N3·)的内球机理得到产物.该工作将有助于启发更多的金属催化机理研究.     

酞菁铁催化烯烃自由基膦叠氮化反应:利用叠氮快速转移合成膦叠氮的温和方法（英文）

含氮和磷原子的化合物是生命系统中不可缺少的组成部分,由于其独特的化学、生物和物理性质,已被广泛应用于农业化学、材料科学和制药学.如果一个有机化合物同时含有氮和磷原子,它可能因为胺和膦/磷酸盐基团的协同作用而具有额外的功能.2015年赵玉芬院士和唐果教授报道了一例自由基叠氮膦酰化的例子,该反应虽然有效,但因需使用化学剂量的氧化性自由基引发剂Mn(OAc)_3·2H_2O,因此,有必要发展一种更环保经济的方法.本文报道了铁催化烯烃的分子间自由基膦叠氮化反应.该方法使用了微量的催化剂,通过自由基接力与叠氮基团转移实现分子间自由基膦叠氮化反应.实验先进行条件筛选,考察了催化剂类型、催化剂用量、氧化剂类型、溶剂和温度对反应的影响,确定以酞菁铁为催化剂,叔丁基过氧化氢(TBHP)为引发剂,乙腈为溶剂,苯乙烯、叠氮基三甲基硅烷、二苯基膦酰为模板反应底物为最佳条件,实现了二苯基膦酰对烯烃的自由基膦酰基叠氮化反应.在最优条件下进行底物拓展,制备得到27种膦叠氮化合物,产率为23%～88%.以制得的膦叠氮产物为起始原料,通过叠氮还原和Click反应制备得到三种衍生物,产率为82%～97%,可作为药物合成中间体进行下一步研究.本文还进行了机理实验和理论计算.在自由基钟实验和自由基捕获实验中,通过两种不同速率的自由基开环反应与自由基捕获反应证实了反应的自由基路径.质谱检测到酞菁铁羟基(PcFe~ⅢOH)和酞菁铁叠氮(Pc Fe~ⅢN_3)的存在.采用密度泛函理论计算了不同自旋态下的酞菁铁(Pc Fe),以确定可能的催化剂种类,并计算出三重态~3PcFe最稳定.从三重态~3PcFe开始计算铁催化叔丁基过氧化氢的单电子转移,并计算了从叔丁氧基自由基开始的自由基接力,证实了膦酰苄基自由基的形成是最有利的途径;研究结果发现膦酰苄基自由基能与~4PcFe(N_3)反应,发生叠氮基团转移生成目标产物.在叠氮基团转移计算中,考察了四种合理的途径,分别是苄基在三重态或五重态势能面接近叠氮基团的内部或端位氮原子(N_i和N_t).结果表明,叠氮基团从叠氮基酞菁铁(Ⅲ)物种(Pc Fe~ⅢN_3)转移到苄基自由基的活化能(4.8 kcal/mol)极低.据此催化循环机理可能为:酞菁铁首先与叔丁基过氧化氢发生单电子转移形成酞菁铁羟基中间体及叔丁氧自由基;然后,二苯基膦酰的氢原子被叔丁氧自由基攫取生成二苯基膦酰自由基,并加成至苯乙烯形成苄基自由基.同时,酞菁铁羟基中间体与HN_3进行配体交换形成酞菁铁叠氮中间体,最后与苄基自由基进行叠氮基团转移生成产物,并重新生成酞菁铁(Ⅱ).本文证实了铁催化叠氮化反应的自由基基团转移机理(外球机理),因为很难想象如何在酞菁铁的同侧同时加成叠氮与苄基基团,通过生成高价铁物种(PcFe-N_3·)的内球机理得到产物.该工作将有助于启发更多的金属催化机理研究.     

有机胂化合物的研究——Ⅷ.胂叶立德与叠氮化合物的反应

膦叶立德或硫叶立德与叠氮化合物反应,前者失掉三苯基氧化膦,生成三氮杂茂衍生物;后者失掉二烃基硫,生成苯胺基富马型衍生物和少量三氮烯基富马型衍生物及环丙烷衍生物.胂叶立德与双烯酮的反应,类似于硫叶立德.本文报道胂叶立德与叠氮化合物的反应,进一步探索胂叶立德的一些反应特性.     

通过基于多肽酰肼的化学连接反应合成高张力环状四肽

刘磊课题组采用其发展的基于多肽酰肼的化学连接反应, 成功合成了一系列高张力环状四肽分子. 多肽酰肼在温和氧化条件下活化为多肽酰基叠氮中间体, 随后与4-巯基苯乙酸形成硫酯, 进而经由分子内天然化学连接反应得到环状四肽. 通过后续的自由基脱硫反应, 可得到连接位点为丙氨酸的产物.     

钯催化氧化/水解2-炔基芳基叠氮一锅法合成2-苯甲酰胺基苯甲酸

描述了通过钯催化2-炔基芳基叠氮一锅法氧化/水解制备2-苯甲酰胺基苯甲酸的合成方法.在温和的反应条件下,反应以良好至极好的产率完成.     

钯催化氧化/水解2-炔基芳基叠氮一锅法合成2-苯甲酰胺基苯甲酸（英文）

描述了通过钯催化2-炔基芳基叠氮一锅法氧化/水解制备2-苯甲酰胺基苯甲酸的合成方法.在温和的反应条件下,反应以良好至极好的产率完成.     

含膦酰杂菲侧基的4-炔基苯甲酸酯对聚叠氮缩水甘油醚点击接枝反应及其聚集诱导发光增强性能

在CuI催化作用下,实现了含膦酰杂菲侧基的4-炔基苯甲酸酯(MAT4)与聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)的点击接枝反应,得到新型接枝聚合物G-M4,并由红外谱图确定了等摩尔反应.由于分子内含膦酰杂菲基团侧基之间较强的π-π和极性共同相互作用以及聚醚主链的柔顺性,使G-M4分子链内侧基之间相对空间位置比较固定,分子链构型规整,...     

含氮烃基膦酸的合成(Ⅳ)——以环丁砜作溶剂直接合成N-烃基-α-氨基苄基膦酸

具有生物活性的 α-氨基烃基膦酸的合成有过报道^[1], 而氮烃基-α-氨基烃基膦酸的合成报道较少. 应用醛、苄胺与亚磷酸酯反应后在强酸条件下水解得到取代的 α-氨基烃基膦酸^{[2, 3]}.IssIeib用三甲基硅基膦酸与席夫碱加成然后再水解^[4]. 这些方法尽管得到相应的膦酸产物,但它的水解却需要较长时间。     

Ⅳ.环己基膦酰二氯与高碳醇的醇解反应

环己基膦酰二氯在吡啶存在下与计算量高碳醇进行醇解反应,馏出物中有环己基膦酰氯-2-乙基己酯存在,水解后得环己基膦酸单-2-乙基己酯,环己胺解后得环己基膦酰环己胺2-乙基己酯.将蒸馏后的残渣水解,得环己基膦酸及环己基膦酸单-2-乙基己酯. 本文叙述一种从烷基膦酰二氯合成高碳醇的烷基膦酸二酯及单酯的简便方法.     

基于黄酮的ESIPT型荧光探针检测三苯基膦

三苯基膦(PPh3)是一种重要的有机化合物,具有亲核性和还原性,已被广泛用于有机合成和有机金属化合物配位中。然而PPh3的过量使用不可避免地会引起环境的污染,并且对人体的健康也具有潜在威胁。因此我们迫切需要一种方便而高效的检测PPh3的方法。已有检测方法在便捷性和灵敏性等方面不如人意,而小分子荧光探针因其灵敏度高、选择性好、检测简单等优点受到广泛关注。受生物标记领域常用的无痕Staudinger连接反应的启发,本文设计合成了一个类似Staudinger连接反应,以能够具有固态发光性质的激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)特性的3-羟基黄酮荧光染料为母核,以邻叠氮苯乙酸酯为识别基团,用于检测PPh3的荧光增强型的探针分子。通过叠氮与PPh3反应,经过氮杂叶立德中间体,进行快速的分子内酰胺化,释放3-羟基黄酮染料并恢复荧光发射,从而实现在溶液中及滤纸上快速检测PPh3的目的。该探针在定量和定性检测PPh3方面具有潜在应用价值。     

Reaction mechanism and kinetics of the traceless Staudinger ligation

The traceless Staudinger ligation enables the formation of an amide bond between a phosphinothioester (or phosphinoester) and an azide without the incorporation of residual atoms. Here, the coupling of peptides by this reaction was characterized in detail. Experiments with [(18)O]H(2)O indicated that the reaction mediated by (diphenylphosphino)methanethiol proceeded by S-->N acyl transfer of the iminophosphorane intermediate to form an amidophosphonium salt, rather than by an aza-Wittig reaction and subsequent hydrolysis of the resulting thioimidate. A continuous (13)C NMR-based assay revealed that the rate-determining step in the Staudinger ligation of glycyl residues mediated by (diphenylphosphino)methanethiol was the formation of the initial phosphazide intermediate. Less efficacious coupling reagents and reaction conditions led to the accumulation of an amine byproduct (which resulted from a Staudinger reduction) or phosphonamide byproduct (which resulted from an aza-Wittig reaction). The Staudinger ligation mediated by (diphenylphosphino)methanethiol proceeded with a second-order rate constant (7.7 x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1)) and yield (95%) that was unchanged by the addition of exogenous nucleophiles. Ligations mediated by phosphinoalcohols had lower rate constants or less chemoselectivity. Accordingly, (diphenylphosphino)methanethiol was judged to be the most efficacious known reagent for effecting the traceless Staudinger ligation.     

Water-soluble phosphinothiols for traceless staudinger ligation and integration with expressed protein ligation

The traceless Staudinger ligation is an effective means to synthesize an amide bond between two groups of otherwise orthogonal reactivity: a phosphinothioester and an azide. An important application of the Staudinger ligation is in the ligation of peptides at a variety of residues. Here, we demonstrate that the traceless Staudinger ligation can be achieved in water with a water-soluble reagent. Those reagents that provide a high yield of amide product discourage protonation of the nitrogen in the key iminophosphorane intermediate. The most efficacious reagent, bis(p-dimethylaminoethyl)phosphinomethanethiol, mediates the rapid ligation of equimolar substrates in water. This reagent is also able to perform a transthioesterification reaction with the thioester intermediate formed during intein-mediated protein splicing. Hence, the traceless Staudinger ligation can be integrated with expressed protein ligation, extending the reach of modern protein chemistry.     

A Photo‐Triggered Traceless Staudinger–Bertozzi Ligation Reaction

The use of light to control the course of a chemical/biochemical reaction is an attractive idea because of its ease of administration with high precision and fine spatial resolution. Staudinger ligation is one of the commonly adopted conjugation processes that involve a spontaneous reaction between azides and arylphosphines to form iminophosphoranes, which further hydrolyze to give stable amides. We designed an anthracenylmethyl diphenylphosphinothioester ( 1 ) that showed promising Staudinger ligation reactivity upon photo‐excitation. Broadband photolysis at 360–400 nm in aqueous organic solvents induced heterolytic cleavage of its anthracenylmethyl–phosphorus bond, releasing a diphenylphosphinothioester ( 2 ) as an efficient traceless Staudinger–Bertozzi ligation reagent. The quantum yield of such a photo‐induced heterolytic bond‐cleavage at the optimal wavelength of photolysis (376 nm) at room temperature is ≥0.07. This work demonstrated the feasibility of photocaging arylphosphines to realize the photo‐triggering of the Staudinger ligation reaction.     

Electronic and steric effects on the rate of the traceless Staudinger ligation

Interplay between electronic effects imparted by phosphinothiol substituents and steric effects imposed by amino-acid reactants affects the rate of the traceless Staudinger ligation of peptides in a predictable manner.     

Total syntheses of nobilamides B and D: application of traceless Staudinger ligation

Nobilamide B is a long-acting antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), and is expected to show therapeutic potential for treatment of pain. This linear heptapeptide possesses a Z-didehydroaminobutanoic acid moiety at the C-terminus. Stereoselective construction of the didehydroamino acid moiety was successfully achieved by application of the traceless Staudinger ligation. The combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and the Staudinger ligation allowed rapid access to not only nobilamide B, but also its macrocyclic analogue nobilamide D.     

Staudinger ligation of peptides at non-glycyl residues

The Staudinger ligation provides a means to form an amide bond between a phosphinothioester and azide. This reaction holds promise for the ligation of peptides en route to the total chemical synthesis of proteins. (Diphenylphosphino)methanethiol is the most efficacious of known reagents for mediating the Staudinger ligation of peptides, providing high (> 90%) isolated yields for equimolar couplings in which a glycine residue is at the nascent junction. Surprisingly, the yields are lower (< 50%) for non-glycyl couplings due to an aza-Wittig reaction that diverts the reaction toward a phosphonamide byproduct. Here, the partitioning of the reaction toward Staudinger ligation (and away from the aza-Wittig reaction) is shown to increase with increasing electron density on phosphorus. This electron density can be tuned either by installing functional groups on the phenyl substituents of (diphenylphosphino)methanethiol or by changing the polarity of the solvent. Installing p-methoxy groups and using a solvent of low polarity (such as toluene or dioxane) provide especially high (> 80%) isolated yields for the ligation of two non-glycyl residues. These conditions retain the high chemoselectivity of the reaction and do not lead to a substantial change in reaction rate. The traceless Staudinger ligation is now poised to enable the iterative ligation of peptides with little regard for their sequence, as well as the synthesis of amide bonds for other purposes.     

Strategic Evaluation of the Traceless Staudinger Ligation for Radiolabeling with the Tricarbonyl Core

The traceless Staudinger ligation with its two variants is a powerful biorthogonal conjugation method not only for the connection of biomolecules, but also for the introduction of fluorescence- or radiolabels under mild reaction conditions. Herein, the strategic evaluation of the traceless Staudinger ligation for radiolabeling ^99mTc using the fac-[Tc(CO)₃]⁺ core is presented. A convenient and high-yielding three-step synthetic procedure of dipicolylamine-based phosphanols as ligands for the mild radiolabeling was developed. The labeling was accomplished using a tricarbonyl kit and a ^99mTc-pertechnetate generator eluate showing 87% radiochemical conversion. The respective rhenium-based, non-radioactive reference compounds were synthesized using (Et₄N)₂[Re(CO)₃Br₃] as precursor. All products were analyzed by NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. Additional XRD analyses were performed.     

The traceless Staudinger ligation with fluorine-18: a novel and versatile labeling technique for the synthesis of PET-radiotracers

The development of rapid radiolabeling techniques under mild reaction conditions involving the short-lived positron emitter fluorine-18 remains a special challenge in organic PET chemistry. This work describes a novel and facile application of the traceless Staudinger ligation as a mild and versatile labeling method for preparation of various radiotracers labeled with fluorine-18.     

9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-based solid-phase synthesis of peptide α-thioesters

Peptide thioesters play a key role in convergent protein synthesis strategies such as native chemical ligation, traceless Staudinger ligation, and Ag(+) -mediated thioester ligation. The Boc-based solid-phase synthesis provides a very reliable access to peptide thioesters. However, the acid lability of many peptide modifications and the requirements of most parallel peptide synthesizers call for the milder Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis. The Fmoc-based synthesis of peptide thioesters is more cumbersome and typically proceeds with lower yields than the synthesis of peptide acids and peptide amides. The success of native chemical ligation and related technologies has sparked intensive research effort devoted to the development of new methods. The recent progress in this rapidly expanding field is reviewed.     

On the preparation of carbohydrate-protein conjugates using the traceless Staudinger ligation

[reaction: see text] The nature of a linker used for preparing glycoconjugate vaccines is of utmost importance as it may lead to immunogenic biomolecules. We report the conjugation of carbohydrate haptens to protein carriers leading to potential vaccines using the traceless Staudinger ligation. The ligation relies on the selective transfer of a phosphane substituent to an azide to form a native amide bond in the final product upon release of an oxidized phosphane byproduct. We designed new phosphino-functionalized cross-linkers suitable for protein carrier derivatization. We evaluated their utility in preparing conjugates using both synthetic and purified bacterial carbohydrates. The use of a borane-protected phosphane which is deprotected at the time of the ligation reaction led to the best results observed thus far in terms of stability toward oxidation and reactivity.