Simultaneous determination of iron and ruthenium as ternary complexes by extractive second derivative spectrophotometry

A highly sensitive and selective second derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of ruthenium and iron in mixtures. The method is based on the formation of the binary complexes of iron and ruthenium with 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bathophenanthroline) in the presence of ethyleneglycol. These complexes are formed at pH 4.0-6.0 upon heating at 90 degrees C for 60 min. The ternary perchlorate complexes are then separated by liquid-liquid extraction. The extracts were evaluated directly by derivative spectrophotometric measurement, using the zero-crossing approach for determination of both analytes. Ruthenium and iron were thus determined in the ranges 9.6-450 and 16.3-280 ng/ml, respectively, in the presence of one another. The detection limits achieved (3sigma) were found to be 2.9 ng/ml of ruthenium and 4.9 ng/ml of iron. The relative standard deviations were in all instances less than 1.5%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of both analytes in synthetic mixtures.     

Second derivative spectrophotometric determination of iron by extraction of the ferroin-perchlorate ion-association complex into mesityl oxide

A highly selective and sensitive second-derivative spectrophotometric determination of iron is based on the extraction of the ferroin-perchlorate ion-association complex into mesityl oxide. A linear calibration graph is obtained for iron in the range 0.5-50 mug in 100 ml of original aqueous phase, with a detection limit of 2 ng/ml. The method is precise and reliable and has been applied to the determination of iron in high-purity rare-earth oxides.     

Flow injection determination of iron by its catalytic effect on the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine by hydrogen peroxide

A flow injection-photometric method has been developed for the determination of iron(II+III). The method is based on the catalytic effect of iron(III) on the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine to form a blue compound (lambda(max)=650 nm). In this catalyzed reaction, 1,10-phenanthroline acted as an effective activator. Iron(II) is also determined, being oxidized by hydrogen peroxide. Calibration graphs for iron(II) and iron(III) obtained under the optimized conditions were identical with each other and linear in the range 0.2-200 ng ml(-1) with a detection limit of 0.05 ng ml(-1) iron. The reproducibility was satisfactory with a relative S.D. of 1.0% for ten determinations of 5 ng ml(-1) iron(III). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of iron in river and lake water samples and can be determined free iron species.     

Ion paired chromatography of iron (II,III), nickel (II) and copper (II) as their 4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline chelates

A reversed phase ion-paired chromatographic method that can be used to determine trace amounts of iron (II,III), nickel (II) and copper (II) was developed and applied to the determination of iron (II) and iron (III) levels in natural water. The separation of these metal ions as their 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bathophenanthroline) chelates on an Inertsil ODS column was investigated by using acetonitrile-water (80/20, v/v) containing 0.06 M perchloric acid as mobile phase and diode array spectrophotometric detection at 250-650 nm. Chromatographic parameters such as composition of mobile phase and concentration of perchloric acid in mobile phase were optimized. The calibration graphs of iron (II), nickel (II) and copper (II) ions were linear (r > 0.991) in the concentration range 0-0.5, 0-2.0 and 0-4.0 mug ml(-1), respectively. The detection limit of iron (II), nickel (II) and copper (II) were 2.67, 5.42 and 18.2 ng ml(-1) with relative standard deviation (n = 5) of 3.11, 5.81 and 7.16% at a concentration level of 10 ng ml(-1) for iron (II) and nickel (II) and 25 ng ml(-1) for copper (II), respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of iron(II) and iron(III) in tap water and sea water samples without any interference from other common metal ions.     

Flow-injection photometric determination of nanogram levels of iron based on the catalysis of oxidative coupling of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine with m-phenylenediamine in a micellar medium

A highly sensitive photometric flow-injection method is described for the determination of iron(II, III) based on the catalytic action on the oxidative coupling of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine with m-phenylenediamine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The sensitivity of the method was enhanced by the addition of Tween 80 as a surfactant. The dynamic range was 0.5-30 ng/ml of iron(II, III) with the relative standard deviations below 3% at a sampling rate of 30 h(-1). The proposed method was subject to few interferences from coexisting metal ions and was successfully applied to the determination of iron in natural water samples.     

Flow-injection determination of copper(II) based on its catalysis on the redox reaction of cysteine with iron(III) in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline

A redox reaction of cysteine with iron(III) proceeds slowly in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). However, this reaction is accelerated in the presence of copper(II) as a catalyst, producing an iron(II)-phen complex (lambda(max)=510 nm). A sensitive spectrophotometric flow-injection method is proposed for the determination of copper(II) based on its catalytic action on this redox reaction. The dynamic range was 0.1-10 ng ml(-1) of copper(II) with a relative standard deviation of 1.0% (n=10) for 1.0 ng ml(-1) of copper(II) at a sampling rate of 30 h(-1). The detection limit (S/N=3) is 0.04 ng ml(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of copper in river water as a certified reference material.     

Simultaneous determination of copper and iron by second derivative spectrophotometry using mixtures of ligands

A highly sensitive and selective second derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of copper and iron in mixtures. The method is based on the separation of the analytes by liquid-liquid extraction as picrate ion pairs. Iron-picrate, reacts in the organic phase of DCE with 5-phenyl-3-(4-phenyl-2-pyridinyl)-1,2,4-triazine (PPT). Similarly the copper-picrate reacts with 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenantroline (bathocuproine). The extracts were evaluated directly by derivative spectrophotometric measurement, using the zero-crossing approach for determination of copper and graphic method for iron. Iron and copper were thus determined in the ranges 8-120 ng ml(-1) and 8-125 ng ml(-1), respectively, in the presence of one another. The detection limits achieved (3sigma) were 2.9 ng ml(-1) of iron and 2.8 ng ml(-1) of copper. The relative standard deviations were in all instances less than 2.1%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of both analytes in river and tap water and the results were consistent with those provided by the AAS standard method.     

Determination of trace amounts of vanadium with a new reagent [1-(3-methoxysalicylidene-amino)-8-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonic acid, disodium salt] by fluorescence quenching method

A fluorescence quenching method is described for the determination of trace amounts of vanadium(V) based on the formation of a complex in acidic medium with a new reagent [1(3-methoxysalicylideneamino)-8-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonic acid, disodium salt]. The fluorescence emission is measured at 415 nm (wavelength of excitation 360 nm), and the experimental variables and interferences in this determination have been studied. The detection limit is 12.5 ng/ml and linear range is between 50 and 600 ng/ml. The method has been applied to determine trace vanadium(V) in steel and cast iron.     

Determination of chromium in waste-water and cast iron samples by fluorescence quenching of rhodamine 6G

A new simple, selective and sensitive fluorescence quenching method was developed to determine chromium with rhodamine 6G. The method is based on the oxidation of rhodamine 6G by chromium(VI) in sulfuric acid solution. The linear calibration graph was obtained in the range 8-80 ng ml(-1) chromium(VI). The detection limit is 0.8 ng ml(-1). The method was applied successfully to the determination of chromium in waste water and cast iron samples.     

Absorptiometric determination of micro- and submicroamounts of iron using an extractive method with pyridine-2-acetaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone

The formation and extraction into chloroform of iron complex with PASH (λ_max = 640 nm) was studied. Beer's law is obeyed between 2.7 and 16.0 μg · ml⁻¹ of iron, in organic phase (10 ml). The method can be applied to volume ratios V_aq.:V_org. from 1:1 to 20:1. The minimum concentration determinable in aqueous phase is 135 ng ml⁻¹ of iron. The interferences of 73 species were evaluated and eliminated when it was possible. The extraction method of the green complex was applied for the spectrophotometric determination of iron(II) in several standard, geochemical, and bromatological samples. A procedure based on the standard addition method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of as little as 25 ng of iron(II) per milliliter.     

Fluorimetric determination of iron(III) by quenching the luminescence of the zinc-morin-Triton X-100 system

Summary Simple and highly sensitive fluorimetric methods for iron determination are described. The methods are based on quenching the fluorescence of an aqueous morin solution or zinc-morin-Triton X-100 ternary system. The fluorescence emission is measured at 500 and 503 nm (wavelength of excitation 420 and 433 nm) for morin and the ternary system, respectively. The quenching calibration graphs are linear over the range 0–250 and 0–55 ng Fe/ml and the iron detection limits are 20 and 5 ng/ml using morin and zinc-morin-Triton X-100 system, respectively. The influence of experimental variables such as pH, reagent and surfactant concentrations, temperature, standing time and diverse ions are studied to obtain the optimum conditions. The method has been applied to the determination of iron in aluminium metal.

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Fluorimetrische Eisen(III)-bestimmung durch Luminescenzlöschung des Systems Zink-Morin-Triton X-100

     

Cloud point extraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry determination of manganese(II) and iron(III) in water samples

Cloud point extraction (CPE) was applied as a preconcentration step prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) determination of manganese(II) and iron(III) in water samples. After complexation with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP), the analytes could be quantitatively extracted to the phase rich in the surfactant p-octylpolyethyleneglycolphenylether (Triton X-100) and be concentrated, then determined by GFAAS. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as solution pH, concentration of PMBP and Triton X-100, equilibration temperature and time, were investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, preconcentration of 10 ml of sample solution permitted the detection of 0.02 ng ml(-1) of Mn(II) and 0.08 ng ml(-1) of Fe(III) with enrichment factors of 31 and 25 for Mn(II) and Fe(III), respectively. The proposed method was applied to determination of trace manganese(II) and iron(III) in water samples with satisfactory results.     

Determination of benzydamine and its N-oxide in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple, sensitive and selective method for the determination of benzydamine in human plasma and urine, and for benzydamine N-oxide in urine, has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography in the reversed-phase mode. The limit of reliable determination of benzydamine in plasma was 0.5 ng/ml and that in urine 1 ng/ml; the limit of reliable determination of benzydamine N-oxide in urine was 50 ng/ml. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of these compounds in biological fluids after administration of intravenous and oral doses of benzydamine to human volunteers.     

Katalytische bestimmung von silberspuren in wabetariger lösung und nach extraktion

The application of the catalysed oxidation of Bromopyrogallol Red by potassium per- sulphate for silver determination is discussed. In aqueous solution silver concentrations of 0.5- 1 mug/ml can be determined and 1- 13 ng/ml in the presence of 1, 10-phenanthroline as activator. In combination with solvent extraction, catalytic determination of the extracted silver is possible even in presence of 200 mug of iron(III), cobalt(II) and palladium(II). By means of an automatic variant of the simultaneous comparison method a more sensitive determination (0.2-20 ng/ml) was achieved.     

Direct determination of benzamides in serum by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography.

A column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of four benzamide-type anti-psychotic drugs: sulpiride, tiapride, sultopride and metoclopramide in human serum. In this method, a TSKgel Super-ODS column was used as an analytical column, and a TSKgel G 2000SW was prepared as a pretreatment column. Under the optimized analytical conditions, four benzamide-type anti-psychotic drugs were eluted within 18 min. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for sulpiride, tiapride, sultopride and metoclopramide are 1 ng/ml, 4 ng/ml, 2 ng/ml and 0.5 ng/ml, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to the determination of sulpiride in human serum samples obtained after a single oral dose of sulpiride.     

Determination of trace amounts of cobalt by solvent extraction--second derivative spectrophotometry

A sensitive derivative spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of microamounts of cobalt based on the integration of liquid-liquid separation and reaction, in dichloroethane, of the analyte with 3-(4-phenyl-2-pyridinyl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine (PPT) and 2,4,6-trinitro-phenol (picric acid). Cobalt was thus determined in the range 7.2-500 ng/ml. The method has a high selectivity with a detection limit of 2.2 ng/ml. The relative standard deviations were 3.2 and 1.5% for 20 and 100 ng/ml cobalt, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the analyte in vitamins.     

Determination of zinc by flow injection with fluorimetric detection in a micellar medium

A room-temperature flow injection spectrofluorimetric method is presented for the determination of Zn(II), based on the use of salicylaldehyde thiocarbohydrazone in the presence of Triton X-100 and sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer. Various physical and chemical variables affecting the reaction in the flow system were evaluated. The proposed method is very selective. The calibration graph is linear over the range 10-1000 ng/ml, with a detection limit of 5 ng/ml and a relative standard deviation at the 50 ng/ml level of 1.8 %. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Zn(II) in drinking waters and biological samples.     

Determination of zinc by flow injection with fluorimetric detection in a micellar medium

A room-temperature flow injection spectrofluorimetric method is presented for the determination of Zn(II), based on the use of salicylaldehyde thiocarbohydrazone in the presence of Triton X-100 and sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer. Various physical and chemical variables affecting the reaction in the flow system were evaluated. The proposed method is very selective. The calibration graph is linear over the range 10–1000 ng/ml, with a detection limit of 5 ng/ml and a relative standard deviation at the 50 ng/ml level of 1.8 %. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Zn(II) in drinking waters and biological samples.     

Determination of 1-naphthylacetic acid in commercial formulations and natural waters by solid-phase spectrofluorimetry

A method for the determination of trace amounts of 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) has been developed, based on solid-phase spectrofluorimetry. The relative fluorescence intensity of NAA fixed on Sephadex QAE A-25 gel was measured directly after packing the gel beads in a 1-mm silica cell, using a solid-phase attachment. The wavelengths of excitation and emission were 280 and 336 nm, respectively. The applicable concentration range was from 0.3 to 18 ng/ ml, with a relative standard deviation of 1.4% (for a level of 9 ng/ml) and a detection limit of 0.09 ng/ml. The method was applied to the determination of NAA in commercial formulations and natural waters. The method is more sensitive and selective than other methods described in the literature.     

测定超痕量铁的高灵敏指示反应

在稀 H2 SO4 介质中 ,1 ,1 0 -邻菲 口罗啉存在下基于 Fe( )催化过氧化氢氧化棉红的新指示反应建立了测定超痕量铁的一个新方法。方法检出限 1 .0× 1 0 - 11g/m L ,线性范围 0 .0 0～ 1 .2 ng/m L。用于井水、一次蒸馏水、黄豆、芹菜中痕量及超痕量铁的测定获得满意结果