Scattering of an electromagnetic wave from a slightly random dielectric surface: Yoneda peak and Brewster angle in incoherent scattering

Abstract

The scattering of an electromagnetic wave from a two-dimensional, slightly rough dielectric surface is studied based on the stochastic functional approach. It is shown that in the case of TM(p)-polarized incidence there exists a zero in the incoherent scattering at the angle we call the ‘Brewster scattering angle’, which depends on the incident angle in contrast to the Brewster angle of coherent reflection which is independent of the incident angle, that a ‘quasi-anomalous scattering’ can generally occur in the optically denser medium at the critical angle of total reflection in both TE(s)- and TM(p)-polarized incidence, regardless of which side of the random surface is illuminated, and that the Yoneda peak in the x-ray scattering can be interpreted as a special case of the quasi-anomalous scattering which becomes sharper when the relative refractive index becomes closer to unity as in the x-ray region. Cross-polarized scattering and enhanced backscattering due to the second-order effect are also calculated.     

Directional hemispherical radiative properties of random dielectric rough surfaces

In this paper the directional hemispherical reflectivity and transmissivity of one-dimensional, randomly rough, dielectric surfaces are determined by the use of the integral method. This method is derived from electromagnetic theory without any restrictive hypotheses. Since this exact approach is computationally very intensive, a geometric optics approximation method is also developed. Curves displaying radiative properties versus the correlation length for a constant mean square deviation of the surface from flatness are presented. In this respect, the influence on the validity of the approximate method of multiple scattering, the shadowing effect and the real index of refraction of the dielectric have been investigated. Transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized incident plane waves are considered. For the latter, our interest is focused on the influence of roughness on the reflected and transmitted intensities for an angle of incidence close to the Brewster angle.     

Brewster angle for anisotropic materials from the extinction theorem

We explore the physical origin of the Brewster angle in the external and internal reflections associated with an anisotropic material. We obtain the expressions of the reflected fields and the existence condition of the Brewster angle by using the extinction theorem. It is found that the Brewster angle will occur if the total contribution of the material’s electric and magnetic dipoles to the reflected field becomes zero. In internal reflection, the requirements on the material parameters ε and μ for the Brewster angle are the same as those in external reflection, and the Brewster angle is just the refraction angle in external reflection at the incidence of the external Brewster angle. The results of the present paper are applicable to dielectric and magnetic materials, including metamaterials. PACS 73.20.Mf; 78.20.Ci; 41.20.Jb; 42.25.Fx     

Flexibly Enhanced Photonic Spin Hall Effect via Selective Brewster Angle

The manipulating of photonic spin Hall effect (SHE) plays a crucial role for development of spin-dependent nanodevices and systems. Since the photonic SHE is generally enhanced near the Brewster angle, the choice of incident angle usually has low flexibility with natural materials due to their dielectric constants. Herein, an efficient method to flexibly enhance the photonic SHE by utilizing selective Brewster angle in an anisotropic metamaterial is proposed. Through adjusting the thickness ratio of two media in metamaterial, the Brewster angle can be flexibly adjusted in a broad range (nearly 0–90°). With the selective Brewster angle, the spin-dependent transverse shift can be enhanced at nearly arbitrary incident angles. Furthermore, based on this structure, a binary encoding system is demonstrated, realizing information conversion around incident angles. This research work provides more possibilities for applications in manipulating photonic SHE.     

Die optischen Eigenschaften dielektrischer Schichten mit kleinen Homogenitätsstörungen

The reflectivity near the polarizing angle is being calculated both for slightly non-homogeneous dielectric films (possessing small gradients in the refractive index) and also for double layers having slightly different refractive indices. Thus discrepancies can be removed which may arise, when the refractive indices are determined from the Brewster angle, and it was also possible to work out a procedure which permits to analyse the structure of the various layers from experimentally obtained spectral reflectivity curves near the Brewster angle.     

Enhancement of THz absorption in monolayer graphene for light at Brewster angle incidence

The enhancement of absorption in graphene for light at Brewster angle incidence is investigated. It is achieved by placing a graphene on a resonant Brewster filter that incorporating a spacer layer. The absorber presents above 50% absorption at resonance, which is attributed to the excitation of guided mode resonances. The electromagnetic field intensity distributions are illustrated to intuitively confirm the physical mechanism of such phenomenon. Moreover, the influence of geometric parameters on absorption is investigated to provide a useful guidance for practical fabrication. Besides, it is found that the absorption properties not only can be controlled by adjusting the incident angle but also can be dynamically tuned by changing the Fermi level. Last, the graphene absorption can be easily extended to multichannel by only an increase in the thickness of spacer. The results open new avenues for combining graphene with general guided mode resonance structure to enable novel optoelectronics device applications.     

Bistatic scattering and depolarization by randomly rough surfaces: application to the natural rough surfaces in X-band

Abstract

The scattering of waves by random rough surfaces has important applications in the remote sensing of oceans and land. The problem of developing a model for rough surfaces is very difficult since, at best, the scattering coefficient σ⁰ is dependent upon (at least) the radar frequency, geometrical and physical parameters, incident and observation angles, and polarization. The problem of electromagnetic scattering from a randomly rough surface is analysed using the Kirchhoff approximation (stationary phase, scalar approximation), the small-perturbation model and the two-scale models. A first major new consideration in this paper is the polarimetric signature calculations as a function of the transmitter location and receiver location for a bistatic radio-link. We calculate the like- and cross-polarized received power directly using the scattering coefficients, without calculating the Mueller matrix. Next, a study of the regions of validity of the Kirchhoff and small-perturbation rough surface scattering models (in the bistatic case) is presented. Comparisons between the numerical calculations and the models are made for various surface rms heights and correlation lengths both normalized to the incident wavenumber (denoted by σ and L, respectively). By using these two parameters to form a two-dimensional space, the approximate regions of validity are then established. The second major new consideration is the development of a theoretical two-scale model describing bistatic reflectivity as well as the numerical results computed for the bistatic radar cross section from rough surfaces especially from the sea and snow-covered surfaces. The results are used to show the Brewster angle effect on near-grazing angle scattering.     

基于椭圆偏振光谱法的玻璃表面离子束改性分析

采用阳极层线性离子源解离氮气对玻璃表面进行刻蚀处理,研究表面改性后玻璃表面的变化,并分析离化电压对表面粗糙度、折射率以及光学厚度的影响。在此基础上,基于椭圆偏振光谱仪,通过对比不同表面状态下的Δ光谱,讨论固定波长变化入射角的Δ光谱曲线特征与表面折射率、布儒斯特角、粗糙度以及光学厚度之间的关系。结果表明,刻蚀后玻璃的布儒斯特角附近的Δ光谱曲线形状发生变化,突变向高角度偏移,曲线下降斜率增大。通过建模并拟合分析发现,氮离子束轰击使玻璃表面产生光密介质层,表面折射率增大,布儒斯特角增大,粗糙度降低,且随离化电压升高,折射率不变,而光密介质层厚度增加。由原子力显微镜分析表面形貌,验证了离子束对玻璃表面的平整化作用。X射线光电子能谱结果表明离子束使玻璃表面发生选择性溅射,推断光密介质层的产生来自于离子束对玻璃表面的夯实作用。此外,推导并验证了Δ光谱曲线的特征与材料表面状态之间的普适关系,提出了基于椭圆偏振光谱仪的材料表面评估方法,即Δ曲线的突变发生角度增大说明折射率与布儒斯特角的增大;下降斜率增大说明表面粗糙度减小;曲线两端尖角增大说明光学厚度增大。反之亦然。     

Buckling in a solid Langmuir monolayer: light scattering measurements and elastic model

Above a surface pressure threshold , we detect a buckled state in the low temperature solid phase of a phospholipid monolayer spread at the air-formamide interface. Stable ripples are observed with a Brewster angle microscope, and light scattering provides measurements mNm^-1, wavelength m and amplitude of a few nm for the deformation. A model, coupling the monolayer thickness and elongation, and consistent with the monolayer texture, is also presented. Received: 18 August 1997 / Revised: 9 December 1997 / Accepted: 29 January 1998     

Investigation of Brewster anomalies in one-dimensional disordered media having Lévy-type distribution

In this paper, we calculate the localization length of a TM electromagnetic wave in unitof system length versus incident angle in a disordered layered structure where therefractive index of one of its constituents follows a Lévy-type distribution with a powerexponent α.The incident angle at which the localization length takes the maximum value is called thegeneralized Brewster angle as before. However, in contrast to previous works with a weakdisorder, the wave incident at generalized Brewster angle is not always in the extendedregime. For special values of α and the frequency, the system is in a localizedstate at this angle. But, the localization length at this Brewster angle is always largerthan that at other angles. The effects of α variation on the localization length at thisBrewster angle and its position are investigated for different frequencies. Thelocalization at this angle degrades with increasing α for all frequencies. Atsome working frequencies, the generalized Brewster angle is a decreasing function ofα. However,at other frequencies, the dependence of generalized Brewster angle on α is not monotonic. Forincident angles smaller than a specific angle, the localization length increases withincreasing α.However, for incident angles larger than this specific angle, there are incident angles atwhich any increase of α leads to the decrease of localization length. Inother words, for these incident angles, the improvement of Anderson localizationsurprisingly happens with decrease of disorder strength and the refractive index contrast.     

磷硅酸盐微结构及其拉曼光谱的量子化学计算

构建了系列典型的磷硅酸盐团簇结构模型,应用量子化学从头计算方法研究了磷硅酸盐的精细结构,选用Restricted Hartree-Fock(RHF)方法以及6-31G(d)基组优化空间几何构型,并计算了其拉曼光谱,同时引入硅氧四面体应力指数(SIT)分析和讨论了磷氧四面体对硅氧四面体微环境的影响。研究表明,磷硅酸盐高频区硅氧四面体非桥氧的对称伸缩振动频率不仅与非桥氧所处的硅氧四面体本身的种类有关,同时也与其邻接四面体种类及成环状况有关;磷氧四面体具有较强的键角调节和应力传导能力,使得硅氧四面体的振动频率相对键角不敏感;硅氧四面体非桥氧的对称伸缩振动频率随硅氧四面体应力指数(SIT)的增加而增加,并呈线性关系。     

The Brewster effect for a one-dimensional random surface

Abstract

By the use of a unitarity and reciprocity conserving theory for the scattering of p-polarized light from a one-dimensional random dielectric surface the we determine the shift in the Brewster angle toward smaller angles of incidence caused by the surface roughness, and the (non-zero) value of the reflectivity at its minimum. Both quantities may be useful in the characterization of the roughness of such surfaces.     

Brewster window and windowless resonant spectrophones for intracavity operation

We report a new design for an acoustically resonant spectrophone well suited for intracavity operation with widely tunable lasers. Operation with Brewster angle windows or in a windowless mode is possible, and high quality factors (560 and 509, respectively) are achieved. Windowless operation permits continuous monitoring of ambient air. We discuss factors limiting the sensitivity, ∼10⁻⁷ cm⁻¹, and present a double chopping scheme capable of significantly reducing the acoustical background encountered in windowless operation. The sensitivity of the spectrophone's performance to misalignment is also examined.     

Characteristic Brewster angles for anisotropic interfaces

The effect of nanoscopically stratified anisotropic transmission layer between two isotropic dielectric medium on the characteristic Brewster angles is carried out. The analysis is based on the second-order approximate formulas for the quasi-Brewster, polarization (second Brewster), and principal (third Brewster) angles obtained in the framework of a long-wavelength approximation. The accuracy of these analytical expressions is estimated by using exact numerical methods for the solution of the anisotropic reflection problem. It is shown that the characteristics Brewster angles for real physical interfaces may differ considerably from the classical Brewster angle ϕ_B = arctg(n_b/n_a), for certain material parameters even then, if the thickness of a transition layer is very significantly smaller than the wavelength of optical radiation.     

布儒斯特角附近的透射光栅传输特性

 减小光栅表面的反射率以得到更高的衍射效率是目前光栅设计与制造中需要解决的重要问题之一。提出利用偏振光沿布儒斯特角入射时具有的特性来实现降低光栅表面反射率的方案,介绍了这种方案的物理模型,并利用严格耦合波分析法进行了模拟计算。计算结果显示,对入射光为TM偏振,波长0.35 μm,当光栅周期较长为2.80 μm时,以布儒斯特角入射的光波,它的表面反射被大大抑制;当光栅周期较短为0.21 μm时也有类似的结论,并且透射光的一级衍射效率极大值出现在刻槽深度为3.50 μm处附近,衍射效率大于95%。     

Brewster Anomalies in Opaque Random Amorphous Multilayers a-Si:H/a-Si3N4+x:H

Reflectance anomalies of random amorphous multilayers are shown to be different dependence on the incident angle for s- and p-polarized light by simulation. Disappearance of these anomalies has especially been observed for p-polarized light propagation at a certain incident angle. It is shown that this incident angle is the extended Brewster angle defined for opaque materials. This phenomenon, i.e., the disappearance of reflectance anomalies, is the Brewster anomaly in random amorphous multilayers made with absorbent materials. Preliminary results of experiments are also presented.     

Switching the direction of spin accumulation in the spin Hall effect of light by adjusting the optical axis of an uniaxial crystal

We theoretically and experimentally investigate a switchable spin Hall effect (SHE) of light in reflection near the Brewster angle at an air-uniaxial crystal interface. We find a large transverse spin splitting near the Brewster angle, whose sign can be altered by rotating the optical axis. As an analogy of the SHE in an electronic system, a switchable spin accumulation in the SHE of light is detected. We are able to switch the direction of the spin accumulation by adjusting the optical axis angle of the uniaxial crystal. These findings may give opportunities for photon spin manipulating and developing a new generation of nano-photonic devices.     

偏振在多角度遥感中的太阳耀光消除的应用

在进行水色遥感时,水面的镜面反射产生的太阳耀光,影响水体信息的提取和利用。以前的研究表明,当入射角为水体的布儒斯特角时,偏振可以消除太阳耀光,但是这种方法条件过于苛刻,现实中很难实现。针对这种情况,推导了自然光入射到水面后其反射光的偏振状态以及光线入射角与水体偏振度的关系。理论上证明了以非布儒斯特角入射时偏振消除太阳耀光的可能性,计算了从各个角度入射到纯净水体表面太阳耀光剥离的程度,实验验证了结论。     

Reflection and scattering of spin waves by surface roughness of a ferromagnet

Abstract

A detailed theory of volume spin wave reflection from the randomly rough surface of a ferromagnet is presented. The contribution to damping of the reflected wave is calculated. This contribution is due to the scattering of the initial volume wave into secondary surface and volume spin waves. The value of damping is proportional to the correlation length and the square of the roughness amplitude. Numerical calculations of the attenuation rate as a function of the angle of incidence and the ratio between the surface anisotropy and the wavenumber are provided. They yield the angle of incidence where the attenuation has a maximum. In analogy to optics, this angle is similar to the Brewster angle. Numerical estimations of damping and a comparison of its value with the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth are also made. Finally, the results of the calculation of the scattering of surface exchange spin waves by surface roughness are presented and discussed.     

砷化镓中微微秒光脉冲的自透射

本文报道了以Brewster角入射的无掺杂半绝缘GaAs的1μm微微秒光脉冲自透射的实验和理论结果。最佳拟合的深能级EL2态的密度为1.2×10¹⁶cm^-3,双光子吸收系数为29cm/GW,自由载流子的吸收截面为2.7×10^-17cm²。 关键词：