不同发展阶段高中化学教师的PCK表征研究*——以“物质的量”主题为例

为探讨不同发展阶段的高中化学教师对于“物质的量”主题的认识,聚焦学科教学知识(PCK)的2个基本组成部分:(1)学生理解的知识,(2)教学策略和表征知识。基于PCK课堂观察量表和CoRe模型,对比分析新手、熟手、专家型教师关于“物质的量”主题的PCK表征。研究结果表明,不同发展阶段化学教师的PCK存在差异,教师对学生知识的理解影响了教学策略和表征方式的决策。     

高中化学新手教师PCK水平调查研究*

基于美国Erikson学院的PCK量化测评工具设计以“离子反应”教学主题为内容载体的调查问卷,并对河北省32名在职高中化学新手教师的PCK水平及典型特征进行测查。结果表明:高中化学新手教师的整体水平及各维度PCK水平均处于“基本”水平层次,其中,KoC水平最高,KoL次之,KoIS最差;新手教师各维度能力水平存在明显不均衡性;在“离子反应”这一特定主题下,高中化学新手教师各维度PCK水平之间不存在显著相关性。根据研究结果,针对高中化学新手教师PCK目前存在的主要问题和不足,提出提升其PCK水平的相关建议,为促进高中化学新手教师的快速专业化成长提供借鉴和参考。     

中学化学骨干教师PCK的实证研究*——以“析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀”主题为例

使用本土化的教学内容表征(CoRe)工具调查了46名接受“国培计划”的中学化学骨干教师关于“析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀”主题的PCK,结果表明:(1)骨干教师的PCK包含5个相互联系的组分,其中课程知识、学生知识以及策略知识均较为丰富。骨干教师能有针对性地选取化学学科专属的教学策略;(2)在教学取向方面,骨干教师在教学中发展与评价学生化学基本观念与学科核心素养的意识有待加强,引导学生自主建构学习的落实程度有待提高;(3)在评价知识方面,评价方式较为多元,但骨干教师对于形成性评价的重视程度不够。文末据此对我国化学教师教育以及化学PCK研究提出相关建议。     

全日制化学教育硕士的PCK水平调查研究*

以美国埃里克森学院PCK量化工具为研究基础设计调查问卷,选取离子反应第1课时的电离概念教学片断,以河北某高校学科教学(化学)专业37名教育硕士为研究对象,要求被试者在对视频片断进行观摩的基础上作答9个开放性问题。研究发现:全日制化学教育硕士PCK整体和各维度知识处于“基本的”水平,在教学内容知识维度表现最佳,在学生知识、教学策略知识维度稍差一些,在把握概念关系、调整教学策略等能力活动上的表现有待发展。针对研究发现,结合化学教育硕士的专业属性及培养过程中的问题,提出构建“教师专业学习共同体”,干预化学教育硕士PCK结构的改善;依托教学案例情境载体功能,帮助化学教育硕士进行PCK的深度建构;开展基于研究性反思的教学实践,促进化学教育硕士PCK螺旋式提升等3条建议。     

县域“高中化学名师发展基地项目”的探索与实践

为落实《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》,提升教师专业素养,肥城市教体局与北京师范大学化学学院签订“高中化学名师发展基地项目”,围绕高中教师特别关注的教材教法、课程衔接、科普教育、教研与论文写作、高考指导等主题,形成了“教学研训立体化”的高中化学教师培训体系,提升了高中化学教师的整体教育教学水平,培养出一批教学名师,催生出县域高中与优质高师教育共建教师研训共同体新样态。     

学科能力导向的“物质构成的奥秘”教学研究

以王磊提出的化学学科能力框架为理论依据,对“物质构成的奥秘”主题进行分析,从核心知识经验、认识角度思路、认识对象及问题、能力活动要素等4个维度构建了“物质构成的奥秘”主题的学科能力模型。运用实验法进行教学实践,证实了本研究设计的教学方式更有利于学生学科能力的发展提升。最后提出学科能力导向的“物质构成的奥秘”教学设计模式和教学实施的有效策略:(1)单元整体系统化设计,有层次有梯度的发展学生学科能力;(2)侧重应用实践型任务的解决,外显知识的输出性功能和价值;(3)重视核心知识和认识角度的建立过程;(4)追问、外显学生的认识角度和认识思路。     

职前化学教师对“科学探究”理解水平的调查研究*

采用美国诺尔曼·莱德曼(Norman G. Lederman)和朱迪斯·莱德曼(Judith S. Lederman)编制的科学探究观(View About Scientific Inquiry, VASI)调查问卷,对38位职前化学教师的科学探究观进行了调查。结果发现,职前化学教师对科学探究的理解水平参差不齐,理解水平最好的是维度三(D3),74%的职前化学教师对该维度持“通晓的(Informed)”观点;理解水平中等的是维度二(D2),66%的职前化学教师对该维度持“混合的(Mixed)”观点;理解水平最差的是维度七(D7),61%的职前化学教师对该维度持“朴素的(Naive)”观点,并且没有人对该维度持“通晓的”观点,针对这种情况,提出3条改进策略:一是“显性化”,在课程标准和教科书中以“显性”的方式呈现有关科学探究理解的内容;二是“活动化”,教师在教学中设计并实施基于理解探究的各种实践活动;三是“反思性”,引导学生积极主动地反思科学探究活动,获取对科学探究的深入理解。     

高中化学新手熟手教师学科教学知识对比研究*

以“化学平衡”教学主题为载体自编调查问卷,选取河北省79位在职高中化学新手教师和81位高中化学熟手教师进行学科教学知识测查。应用独立样本t检验对调研数据进行比较和分析,重点从内容知识、课程知识、学生知识、教学策略知识、评价知识等5个维度探讨新手与熟手教师PCK差异及差异形成的原因,并据此提出相关建议,为促进高中化学新手教师的快速专业化成长提供借鉴和参考。     

滞后序列分析视域下的高中化学高端备课师生互动行为研究*

为揭示“高端备课”项目下教师与学生行为互动的关键特征,研究采用视频分析法及滞后序列分析法(LSA)对2019年高端备课项目中“离子反应”课堂中的师生交互行为、比率、教师语言、师生操作技术以及教师与学生之间的交互行为等进行量化与质性分析。研究发现,高端备课更加关注学生对于本源性认识问题的科学认识逻辑,以传授核心观念建构以及基于学生认识发展为本为理念,由知识解析为本向促进学生认识发展转变,通过师生思维不断碰撞的过程促进学生知识迁移与应用,为常态化课堂优化提供了参考路径。     

新手-熟手高中化学教师PCK个案比较研究* ——以“氧化还原反应”主题为例

采用访谈法与质性资料分析法,测查了6名(3名新手与3名熟手)高中化学教师关于氧化还原反应主题的PCK。结果表明:(1)新手教师与熟手教师在CTO,KoL与KoS组分上存在较明显的差异。新手教师倾向于采用“教师-传授”教学取向,对学生知识的把握相对不足,更强调使用习题巩固策略;而熟手教师倾向于采用“学生-建构”教学取向,对学生知识的把握更为全面,更强调学生自主建构知识的过程。(2)新手教师与熟手教师在KoC与KoA组分上存在较明显的相似之处。在课程知识方面,教师对课程标准与教材中氧化还原反应主题内容具有较好的理解,但对化学基本观念、学科核心素养认识尚浅;在评价知识方面,教师偏向于传统的评价方式,且集中在形成性评价和总结性评价,但相对缺乏对学生的课前诊断性评价。文末据此对我国化学教师教育及其研究提出相关建议。     

Evaluation of thermodynamic and kinetic stability of CuAlO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and CuGaO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of CuAlO₂ and CuGaO₂ have been evaluated by using thermogravimetry and thermodynamic calculations. It has been revealed that CuAlO₂ and CuGaO₂ are not thermodynamically stable in air below 800 °C and 1,200 °C, respectively, and that the oxidation reaction, 4CuMO₂ + O₂ → 2CuO + 2CuM₂O₄ (M = Al, Ga), should occur if the reaction kinetics are high enough. However, rate constants and activation energies indicated slow kinetics of the oxidation reaction, showing kinetic stability of CuMO₂ even under some thermodynamically unstable temperatures and atmospheres. It was also concluded that CuAlO₂ showed higher thermodynamic and kinetic stability than CuGaO₂.     

Heat capacities and absolute entropies of UTi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> and CeTi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript>

Summary As part of a larger study of the physical properties of potential ceramic hosts for nuclear wastes, we report the molar heat capacity of brannerite (UTi₂O₆) and its cerium analog (CeTi₂O₆) from 10 to 400 K using an adiabatic calorimeter. At 298.15 K the standard molar heat capacities are (179.46±0.18) J K^-1 mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and (172.78±0.17) J K^-1 mol^-1 for CeTi₂O₆. Entropies were calculated from smooth fits of the experimental data and were found to be (175.56±0.35) J K^-1 mol^-1 and (171.63±0.34) J K^-1 mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and CeTi₂O₆, respectively. Using these entropies and enthalpy of formation data reported in the literature, Gibb’s free energies of formation from the elements and constituent oxides were calculated. Standard free energies of formation from the elements are (-2814.7±5.6) kJ mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and (-2786.3±5.6) kJ mol^-1 for CeTi₂O₆. The free energy of formation from the oxides at T=298.15 K are (-5.31±0.01) kJ mol^-1 and (15.88±0.03) kJ mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and CeTi₂O₆, respectively.     

Interatomic interactions and electronic structure of NbSe<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Nb<Subscript>1.25</Subscript>Se<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanotubes

Atomic models of achiral NbSe₂ nanotubes are suggested. Band structure calculations have been performed to investigate the electronic structure and determine the parameters of interatomic interactions. The distribution of the density of states and pair bond occupancies of NbSe₂ nanotubes are analyzed in relation to the type of the atomic configuration and the tube diameter; the results are compared with the band structure of the 2H-NbSe₂ crystal. Calculations have been carried out on hypothetical superstoichiometric nanotubes with a formal composition Nb_1.25Se₂ as possible quasi-one-dimensional nanoforms of autointercalated niobium diselenide.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by A. N. Enyashin, V. V. Ivanovskaya, I. R. Shein, Yu. N. Makurin, N. I. Medvedeva, A. A. Sofronov, and A. L. IvanovskiiTranslated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 579–588, July–August, 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Generation and IR spectra of ionic and molecular complexes of aluminum chloride with <Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>- and <Emphasis Type="Italic">sec</Emphasis>-butyl chlorides

Sec-butyl and tert-butyl cations were first stabilized upon cocondensation of aluminum chloride and haloalkanes (2-chlorobutane and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, respectively) and their IR spectra and thermal stability investigated. Aluminum chloride anions participating in stabilization of carbenium ions were revealed. Ionic complexes and both 1:1 and 2:1 molecular complexes of reagents were detected and their IR spectra studied. Quantum-chemical calculations at the PBE level of density functional theory with inclusion of electron correlation were employed to optimize the geometric parameters and to determine the vibrational frequencies of aluminum chloride, butyl chlorides, and their complexes of various compositions. The structures of the associates observed were determined on the basis of comparison of the experimental and calculated vibrational spectra.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 147–155, January, 2005.     

Synthesis and characterization of Mn-, La-Mn- and La-Ca-Mn-citrates as precursors for LaMnO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and La<Subscript>1−x</Subscript>Ca<Subscript>x</Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Mn-, LaMn- and LaCaMn-citrates were synthesized at 60–120°C in ethylene glycol medium using chlorides or nitrates as metal sources. Their composition, IR spectra and thermal decomposition were studied. Equimolar La/Mn ratio has been established in the complex, prepared from chloride solution with the same initial composition of the metals. In the isolated three-metallic complex the molar ratio of the metals deviates from the composition in the initial solution. The final products of the heating of Mn- and mixed-metal LaMn-citrates at 1000°C are phase-homogeneous Mn₃O₄ (hausmannite) and LaMnO₃ respectively. Parasitic phase(s) are observed in La_xCa_1−xMn_yO₃, produced from LaCaMn-citrate.     

Chemical Composition and <em>in Vitro</em> Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of <em>Eucalyptus gillii </em>Essential Oil and Extracts<em></em>

In this study, essential oil and various extracts (hexane, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water) of Eucalyptus gilii were screened for their chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The essential oil chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), respectively. Thirty four compounds were identified, corresponding to 99.5% of the total essential oil. Tannins [104.9-251.3 g catechin equivalent (CE)/Kg dry mass], flavonoids [3.3-34.3 g quercetin equivalent (QE)/Kg dry mass], phenolics [4.7-216.6 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/Kg dry mass] and anthocyannins [1.2-45.3 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3GE)/Kg dry mass] of various extracts were investigated. Free radical scavenging capacity of all samples was determinedt. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the IC₅₀ of essential oil was 163.5 ± 10.7 mg/L and in the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) assay, it was 94.7 ± 7.1 mg/L. Among the various extracts, the water extract showed the best result (IC₅₀ = 11.4 ± 0.6 mg/L) in the DPPH assay which was comparable to vitamin C (IC₅₀ = 4.4 ± 0.2 mg/L). The antimicrobial activities were evaluated against different bacterial and fungal strains. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to the essential oil and extracts than Gram negative ones. Anthocyanins seem to have a major effect on the growth of Bacillus subtilis (R² = 0.79). A significant antifungal activity was observed against the yeast and fungi. Correlations between chemical composition and antioxidant activities were studied and R² values were about 0.96 for the effect of phenolics on the DPPH assay.     

Methyl­malon­amide and ethyl­malon­amide

In the title compounds, C₄H₈N₂O₂, (I), and C₅H₁₀N₂O₂, (II), respectively, the amide groups are rotated out of the central C—C—C plane by ca 76° in (I) and by 70–73° in (II). Compound (I) has crystallographic mirror symmetry perpendicular to the molecular plane.     

Bleaching of solutions of chlorophylls <Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis> with blue and red light

The dependences of the reaction rate constant for bleaching of solutions of chlorophyll under the action of light with a wavelength of 434 and 670 on the type of solvent and additives (O₂, H₂O, HCl, and anthocyanins) have been studied.     

Synthesis and structure of allylated derivatives of fullerenes C<Subscript>60</Subscript> and C<Subscript>70</Subscript>

New chromatographically pure monoand hexamethanofullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ containing active allylic groups were synthesized by Bingel—Hirsch reaction. These compounds are promising for the studies of biological activity, as well as for obtaining on their basis new fullerenecontaining materials. The purity and composition of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and HPLC, their structure was established by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.     

Separation and purification of <Superscript>249</Superscript>Cf and <Superscript>245</Superscript>Cm

There is a need to provide radioactivity standards of the higher actinides in support of both decommissioning and remediation activities as well as routine environmental analysis. In the case ²⁴⁹Cf, this will provide a useful calibration nuclide for both α-and γ-spectrometry as well as improving knowledge of the decay scheme for this nuclide. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that the chemical yield of americium and curium may differ in radiochemical analysis. Thus, a chemical yield tracer of ²⁴⁵Cm may help to resolve this issue and will be suitable for both, suitable for use as a chemical yield tracer for both α-particle spectrometry and mass spectrometry. An aged source of ²⁴⁹Cf was used as the source material for the separation of these two nuclides by cation-exchange, using 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanoic acid at controlled pH as an eluant, ²⁴⁹Cf being eluted before the ²⁴⁵Cm daughter. The purity of both nuclides was measured by γ-ray spectrometry.