应用手持技术数字化实验测定化学平衡常数*——以Fe3+/SCN-平衡体系为例

结合手持技术,改进反应Fe³⁺+SCN^-FeSCN²⁺平衡常数测定实验的操作过程,使该实验微型化、便捷化,为中学教学提供一个可供选择和参考的平衡常数测定实验方案。本实验测得该反应的平衡常数K=1.6×10²(实验条件为:T=(26.5±0.5)℃,I=0.7,[H⁺]=0.15 mol/L)。     

I2-环己烯复合物的共振拉曼光谱和密度泛函理论计算研究

实验得到I2-环己烯电荷转移复合物的电子吸收光谱和共振拉曼光谱.用密度泛函方法计算了复合物的基态结构、振动频率和电子跃迁能.计算和吸收光谱实验结果表明,I2-烯烃复合物在约300nm处的强吸收带为pz(I17)→π*(C=C)跃迁,即由靠近C=C双键端的碘原子(I17)上的一个pz电子向C=C双键反键轨道跃迁引起的吸收.在约300nm共振拉曼光谱的强度模式表现为I—I伸缩振动模和C=C伸缩振动模的基频、泛频及其组合频,表明在该激发态上I2-环己烯复合物经历了显著的I—I和C=C的价键变化.     

浊点萃取-分光光度法测定痕量NO2-

建立了浊点萃取-分光光度法测定痕量NO2-根的方法.以对氨基苯磺酸和α-萘胺为络合剂,非离子型表面活性剂TritonX-100为萃取剂,富集、分离水样中痕量NO2-,采用可见吸收光谱法进行检测.研究了溶液的酸度、试剂用量、平衡时间、平衡温度、干扰离子对浊点萃取效果的影响,并得到最佳实验条件:5％的TritonX-100用量2.0mL、平衡温度85℃、平衡时间10min、对氨基苯磺酸和α-萘胺均为0.3mL、0.1mol/LH2SO4溶液0.5mL.在最佳实验条件下,对氨基苯磺酸、α-萘胺和NO2-生成的络合物被萃取到TritonX-100表面活性剂相并与水相分开.该方法适用于环境水样中痕量NO2-的测定.     

催化光度法时间程序测定土壤中痕量碘

碘是评价环境的重要元素之一,是地球化学勘察样品常测元素。本实验建立了艾斯卡试剂分解-热水提取样品,催化分光光度法时间程序测定碘的方法。详细讨论了艾斯卡试剂手工制作与行星球磨机制作的利弊;;参比液的选择;17℃-25℃不同环境温度条件对实验结果的影响;全程序空白溶液,与36g/L的碳酸钠溶液两种方法制作标准曲线及标准曲线线性范围;样品烧结时间及温度;乙酸用量对样品测试吸光度的影响。结果表明：利用行星球磨机制作艾斯卡试剂,选择试剂空白为参比液,在19℃的恒温环境下,采用36g/L的碳酸钠溶液制作0-8ug/mL标准曲线,样品采用0-300℃、300-500℃、500-750℃三阶段升温,750℃保持30min的烧结程序,乙酸用量为5mL时可以得到可靠的结果。该方法克服了艾斯卡试剂制作困难、样品烧结结块及实验反应速率过快等困难。通过方法学考察表明：基于所建方法碘元素校准曲线系数＞0.999;方法检出限为0.2 mg/kg;测定GSS36、GSS37、GSS38、GSS40、GSS47、GSS48、GSS49等9种国家一级标准物质,结果均在参考值范围内,相对标准偏差RSD＜5%。该方法测定的结果准确度及精密度高、 检出限低、减少碘记忆效应的存在,适用于地球化学勘察土壤样品中碘的测定。     

S2O82-/TiO2-Al2O3催化水解花生壳制备乙酰丙酸的研究

采用沉淀-浸渍法制备了不同金属配比的S2O82-/TiO2-Al2O3固体超强酸催化剂,并研究了其在催化水解花生壳制备乙酰丙酸反应中的作用。实验发现n(Al)∶n(Ti)=1∶2时催化效果最佳,并进一步考察了其水解温度,水解时间,固体酸用量和液固比对乙酰丙酸得率的影响。采用响应面法对水解工艺进行了优化,并建立二次回归模型。结果表明,当水解温度为235℃、水解时间为30min、固体酸用量为4.6%和液固比18∶1(mL/g)时为较优的制备工艺,在该工艺条件下,乙酰丙酸得率为26.43%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定土壤中的碘

通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中的碘。样品预处理采用艾斯卡试剂熔融、热水提取和阳离子树脂静态交换,试验加入了不同剂量的阳离子交换树脂在不同程度上降低了溶液中Na+ 和Zn2+^{等阳离子的盐效应干扰。研究了乙醇在}ICP-MS中对碘元素的增强效应,用3%的氨水溶液清洗进样系统,有效减少的碘的记忆效应和清洗时间。该方法线性范围宽,方法灵敏度高,检出限低,试剂用量少,环境友好。对苏州及周边区域若干非污染土壤点位进行采样、制备和测试,碘平均含量为2.7μg.g_-1^;同步测试国家有证标准物质,精密度和准确度良好。     

化学平衡解题通用方法探讨*

对于复杂的化学平衡,平衡时刻浓度、分压、物质的量、转化率之间存在错综复杂的关系,给解题带来了很大难度。提出了“列表-设未知数-计算分压-计算平衡常数-求解”的5步解题通用方法,并利用该方法,结合CASIO计算器独特的解题特色,对近几年化学竞赛中出现的2道化学平衡试题进行了剖析。     

CO32-/Co2+/Ni2+浓度对混合相纳米Ni(OH)2物化性能的影响

以NiCl2、Co(NO3)2、Na2CO3为主要原料,采用超声波辅助沉淀法制备了混合相纳米Ni(OH)2,研究了Co掺杂比例、缓冲剂Na2CO3用量及反应物Ni2+浓度对Ni(OH)2的晶相结构、形貌、粒径及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,混合相结构的α-Ni(OH)2成分随Co掺杂比例增大而增加。较高的CO32-和Ni2+浓度有利于α-Ni(OH)2的生成。TEM测试表明,样品晶粒呈针状形态,其长径比随着Na2CO3用量增加而减小,平均粒度在60~90 nm之间。将纳米样品以8wt%与工业用微米级β球镍混合制成复合电极,其电极的放电比容量随Na2CO3用量的增加先增大后减小。当Ni2+浓度为0.4 mol.L-1、Na2CO3用量为0.5 g时,其电极(Co含量1.02wt%)的充电效率最高,放电比容量最大,0.5C倍率下高达306.9 mAh.g-1,比纯球镍电极提高30%。探讨了复合电极能较大幅度提高放电比容量的机理,提出纳米α-Ni(OH)2同时充当活化中心起催化作用的观点。     

用手持式测碘仪现场测定食盐中的碘

在自行研制的手持式高灵敏光度计的基础上,研制出一种动态线性范围宽、样品和试剂用量少、分析速度快、无可动部件、灵敏度高、结构简单、轻便耐用、耗电量低的毛持式测碘仪,同时开发了一种测碘专用试剂包,发明了一种碘盐现场取样技术,建立了一种现场测定食盐中碘含量的灵敏、快速、廉价方法。使用手持式测碘仪和专用测碘试剂包测定碘的线性范围是0.01-3mg/L,定是检测下限量0.01mg/L,样品经过研磨以后,测定的相对标准偏差在1.5%以内;如样品不研磨,其相对标准偏差为6%-8%。应用于食盐中碘的现场测定,每个样品的分析测定时间约为3-6min。应用于5种不同品牌食盐样品的实际分析,结果满意。     

FeCl3作用下的碘代醚化反应: 一种合成碘代环烯醚的方便方法

对FeCl₃作用下各种炔醇与碘的反应进行了详细研究, 结果表明在FeCl₃和碘的作用下, 炔醇发生分子内碘代环化反应生成碘代环烯醚, 产率为63%～90%. 在相同的反应条件下, 炔丙醇类则生成邻二碘化物, 产率为15%～88%. 该反应具有操作简单、底物适应广、反应快(3 h)和碘用量(0.5 equiv.)少等特点, 是制备碘代环烯醚和2,3-二碘代烯醇的好方法.     

Electronic structures of I2− and I4− ions in γ-irradiated rigid solutions

Radical-anions of iodine, bromine, and monoiodochloride are produced in γ-irradiated amorphous solids at 77 K, and their electronic and ESR spectra measured. On limited warming of the irradiated solution dimerization by the reaction I₂^? + I₂ → I₄^? occurs to produce the same species as reported by Fornier de Violet et al. The electronic structure of the dimeric anion is discussed in comparison with the monomeric anion.     

The geometric and electronic structures of I3− and I5− from effective-potential calculations

The (ab initio) effective-potential theory developed by Ewig et al. is applied to the structures of the polyiodide ions, I₃^? and I₅^?. The bare ions I₃^? and I₅^? are found by optimization of the geometry to be symmetric and linear. The counterion environment, however, greatly influences the equilibrium structure. A symmetric, flexible counterion environment produces only a slightly altered symmetric, linear equilibrium structure for the I₃^? anion ; whereas an asymmetric, rigid counterion frame leads to unequal bond lengths and bending of the anion. For the I₅^? anion, the potential energy calculated for bending of the central I—I—I angle, α, is very small so that a slight interaction with the lattice will readily lead to the experimental bent structure with α = 94°. At this value of α, the two outer angles are found to be equal and close to the experimental value. The electronic structures of the I₃^? and I₅^? ions are also discussed.     

The A2Πu-X2Πg emission of I2+

A broad emission band found in helium, neon and argon afterglows in the presence of I₂, is attributed to I₂⁺ AX.     

Coincidence studies of fluorescence and dissociation processes in electronic excited states of I2+, Br2+, IBr+ and ICl+

The PIFCO technique in which mass-selected photoion—fluorescence photon coincidences are counted, was used to investigate whether I₂⁺, IBr⁺ and ICl⁺ fluoresce. Measurements were made of lifetimes and fluorescence quantum yields of electronic excited states of these ions. Emission was discovered for I₂⁺ and IBr⁺, but ICl⁺ apparently does not fluoresce. Information on the radiative properties of Br₂⁺ was obtained as a by-product of the work on IBr⁺. Fragment ion kinetic energy releases were determined and provide information on dissociative ionization processes in the halogen and interhalogen ions studied.     

Electrode kinetics of Eu3+/Eu2+ reaction by cyclic voltammetry

The cyclic voltammetric behaviour of Eu³⁺/Eu²⁺ couple at hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) has been studied in chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanate and EDTA supporting electrolytes. The apparent rate constant and transfer coefficient for these systems have been calculated at various voltage scan rates, without using the data for standard or formal potential. The values have been compared with those obtained by earlier workers through other electrochemical methods.     

On the correlation between NQR frequency and bond length in I3−

A linear correlation between the NQR frequency of the terminal iodine atom and the corresponding I-I bond length in I₃^? was found in several compounds containing triiodide anions. A simple extended Huckel MO calculation suggested that such a correlation can be used to check the validity of wavefunctions of iodine.     

Determination of D0o(BaI) from the chemiluminescent reaction Ba + I2

A study is made of the visible chemiluminescence resulting from the reaction of an atomic beam of barium with I_Z under single-collision conditions (～ 10^?4 torr). The resulting spectrum consists of the BaI C²Π → X²Σ emission on top of an underlying “continuum”. The variation of the BaI emission intensity with Ba and I₂ flux is investigated, and it is concluded that the reaction is bimolecular. The total phenomenological cross section for barium atom removal is determined to be 86 A², which agrees well with the total reactive cross section calculated assuming an electron jump mechanism. The short wavelength cutoff is identified as the transition from the υ′ = 41 level of the BaI C²Π_{$\text{3}\text{2}$} state to the υ′ = 41 level of the BaI X²Σ state. A strict lower bound D^o₀(BaI) ? 102 ± 0.7 kcal/mole for the ground state dissociation energy of BaI is obtained from this short wavelength cutoff. The value D^o₀(BaI) = 102 ± 1 kcal/mole is recommended, where the error estimate includes the possible contribution from the final relative translational energy of the products.     

Preparation et structure cristalline de I0.33NbSe4(I4Nb12Se48)

Single crystals with I_0.33NbSe₄ composition are grown, along with NbSe₂ crystals, by iodine vapor transport from NbSe₃. Single phase powder is obtained by heating the elements in corresponding proportions at 700°C. The structure has been studied by X-ray diffraction on a single crystal. The symmetry is tetragonal with the following parameters of the unit cell a = 9.489 Å, c = 19.13 Å. The space group is $\text{P4}\text{mnc}$ with Z = 12. The structure is built up with chains of rectangular [NbSe₈]-antiprisms. Iodine atoms are located between these chains.     

Competition between reactive and inelastic processes involving I2(D1Σ+u)

The removal of I₂(D¹Σ⁺_u) by CH₃Cl, following optical excitation at 193 and 185 nm has been studied by monitoring flourescence throughout the region 200–500 nm. It is observed that quenching of this state occurs both by reaction to form CH₃I and CH₂ClI and by inelastic collisions to the lowest ion-pair state (³Π_2g).     

The pair polarizabilities of Li+/Li+ and Cl−/Cl−

Ab initio SCF MO energies and pair polarizabilities are reported for the pairs Li⁺/Li⁺ and Cl^?/Cl^? over the ranges of internuclear separation which are of importance in molten LiCl. The shapes of the β(R) curves resemble those of inert gas diatoms. The Cl^?/Cl^? interaction is predicted to make a rather small contribution to those properties of molten LiCl which depend on $\text{α}$⁽²⁾(R), and a larger contribution to properties which depend on β(R). The Li⁺/Li⁺ interaction contributes almost nothing to the bulk polarizability.