奥希替尼及其甲磺酸盐的合成及光稳定性

在文献综述的基础上,以3-(2-氯-4-吡啶基)-1-甲基吲哚为起始原料,经过亲核取代、还原、酰胺化和质子化成盐等反应,成功合成出Osimertinib及其甲磺酸盐。在不同光照条件下(黑暗、日光、荧光灯、254nm紫外灯和410nm紫外灯),采用高效液相色谱法对Osimertinib及其甲磺酸盐的甲醇溶液进行监测,研究Osimertinib及其甲磺酸盐的光稳定性。结果表明,Osimertinib原料药具有一定的光稳定性,Osimertinib甲磺酸盐的光稳定性较差,易发生分解反应。因此,Osimertinib甲磺酸盐应当避光保存,以延长其稳定性。通过对奥希替尼(Osimertinib)及其甲磺酸盐的合成和光稳定性的研究工作,为Osimertinib药物研发和生产过程中的质量控制提供实验基础。     

POTENTIAL ERRORS IN THE USE OF CELLULOSE DIACETATE AND MYLAR FILTERS IN UV-B RADIATION STUDIES

Abstract— The increase in UV-B radiation(290–320 nm) penetrating to the earth's surface as a result of the chemical depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer is an important environmental concern. In most studies using artificial UV-B sources, the determination of enhanced UV-B radiation effects on plants relies on equivalent UV-A radiation(320–400 nm) from the experimental UV-B fluorescent lamp source, filtered with either cellulose diacetate (CA) to create UV-B treatments, or with type S Mylar or polyester (PE) to create controls (no UV-B). The spectral irradiance in the UV-A was measured in the dark below lamps at two daily UV-B irradiance levels (14.1 and 10.7 W m^-2) with CA and PE at two ages. Highly significant differences in UV-A radiation (P 0.01) were measured below the treatment/control pairs at both fluence rates and filter ages. Filter aging was observed, which reduced the UV-A irradiance, especially for PE. The total daily ambient UV-A irradiance was also determined in the glasshouse at three seasons: the fall equinox, summer and winter, from which the total daily UV-A (lamp + ambient) irradiances were calculated. The addition of low to moderate ambient irradiance removed the treatment/control differences in the longwave UV-A(350–400 nm); however, the treatment/contro1 differences remained in the shortwave UV-A(320–350 nm), which was restricted by the glass, and in the total UV-A. The treatment/control differences persisted in the shortwave UV-A for the higher irradiance level, even under high summer ambient light. Also, spectral ratios (UVB:UV-A and shortwave: longwave UV-A) for all treatment groups decreased as the ambient UV-A radiation increased. Therefore, a range of experimental conditions exist where PE-covered lamps do not provide adequate control for UV-A irradiance, relative to the CA treatment, for glasshouse/growth chamber experiments. Potential complications in the interpretation of plant response exist for UV-B experiments conducted under low ambient light conditions (e.g. growth chambers; glasshouse in winter) or high daily UV-B irradiances (e.g. 14 kJ m^-2) for those plant responses that are sensitive to UV-A radiation.     

Unexpected photolysis of the sunscreen octinoxate in the presence of the sunscreen avobenzone

A major concern raised about photostability studies of sunscreen products is that the photodegradation of sunscreens does not readily translate into changes in product performance. This study examines the correlation between photochemical degradation of sunscreen agents and changes in protection provided by sunscreen films. Films of a commercial sunscreen product containing avobenzone, oxybenzone and octinoxate were irradiated using a fluorescent UV-A phototherapy lamp with additional UV-B blocking filter. Periodically, during irradiation the transmittances of the films were measured and samples collected for chemical analysis of the sunscreen agents using high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. The results show that UV-induced changes in UV transmittance of sunscreen films correlate with changes in concentration of sunscreen agents. In a parallel experiment, we also irradiated a thin film of the same product in the cavity of an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. We report the concomitant photolysis of avobenzone and octinoxate that predominates over expected E/Z photoisomerization and that irradiation of a film of this product produced free radicals detected by ESR spectroscopy that persisted even after exposure had ended.     

光催化降解甲醛的波长效应研究

分别以紫外杀菌灯和黑光灯为光源,研究了TiO2薄膜催化剂上甲醛的光催化氧化反应.实验结果表明,紫外杀菌灯照射下,甲醛的光催化降解率明显低于以黑光灯为光源时甲醛的光催化降解率.采用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和热分析(TG-DTA)对反应后的TiO2光催化剂进行分析和表征,对两种不同光源照射下甲醛光催化降解率的差异进行了初步探讨.     

The effect of β-cyclodextrin on tenoxicam photostability, studied by a new liquid chromatography method; the dependence on drug dimerisation

Tenoxicam (TXM) is an effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug, which presents fast photochemical decomposition. In this work in an attempt to investigate the potential β-CD photostabilizing effect on TXM, the photodegradation rate of β-CD complexed drug was monitored under simulated solar irradiation from Xenon arc lamp. The photodegradation was studied at pH 7.5. A new stability indicating Liquid Chromatography method, for TXM in the presence of β-CD was used. According to the obtained results, in the case of free molecules increasing the concentration the photostability is enhanced. The effect of complexation with CDs on the photodegradation rate seems to vary depending on TXM initial concentration. At low TXM concentrations photodecomposition is retarded upon CD complexation, while at high concentrations the process is accelerated. Molecular dimerisation was studied by ¹H(1D) NMR and 2D NOESY experiments. 2D ROESY spectra of complexed molecule were evaluated in order to confirm the complexation. TXM dimers could be considered as a critical parameter affecting oxicams photostability, in combination with the already described ESIPT phenomenon.     

波长对Ag/TiO2催化剂上二氧化碳光催化还原的影响

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by water was performed in the presence of a Ag/TiO2 catalyst under illumination by lamps with different wavelengths(254,365,and 400 nm).The yields of the main products(methane and methanol)were higher with the 254 nm lamp than with the 365 lamp while no products were observed with the 400 nm lamp.This was because the electron-hole generation rate increased with increasing energy of irradiation(decreasing wavelength)and there were higher densities of electron states at higher energies in TiO2. The increased efficiency of electron-hole generation with a shorter wavelength irradiation increased the efficiency of the catalyst.The energy of the electrons excited by visible light(400 nm)was too low for CO2 photocatalytic reduction.     

Photochemical decomposition of lomefloxacin in vitro and in vivo

To obtain an idea of the photostability of Lomefloxacin (Lom) under in vivo conditions the compound was exposed to UV-A (310-360 nm) in PBS buffer pH 7.4. Exposure of 10 microg/ml of Lom in PBS pH 7.4 led to more than 50% decomposition within 10 min. Loss of the fluorine atom at C-8 and partial breakdown of the piperazine ring occurred. The only two photoproducts formed under these conditions were AEA, 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-aminoethyl-amino)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, and APA, 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-aminopropyl-amino)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. When Lom was exposed in whole blood in vitro, the same photochemical decomposition was observed in the plasma as in PBS buffer: APA and AEA were the only products. During UV-A exposure, Lom was shown to be taken up by the leukocytes. This process appeared to be less rapid during UV-A exposure than in the dark. As soon as UV-A exposure commenced, AEA and APA were found. As in the plasma, the total amount of Lom and the two photoproducts in the leukocytes was not significantly different from the amount of Lom found in unexposed cells at the same time point. The erythrocytes did not take up Lom, but exposure of whole blood to Lom and UV-A under the above conditions led to more than 7% haemolysis. Treatment of rats with a combination of Lom and UV-A demonstrated photodecomposition of Lom in vivo. In urine produced during exposure and by the irradiated rats during the twilight period after exposure, a considerable amount of AEA and APA was found. The blood plasma from rats exposed simultaneously to UV-A and Lom proved to contain AEA and APA and, in the leukocytes, APA. This was not the case with animals kept in twilight.     

构建多模式全光谱暗场显微镜用于纳米单颗粒局域表面等离子共振实时动力学研究

金属纳米颗粒由于其局域表面等离子共振(LSPR),能显示出独特的光吸收和散射特性,常被应用于物理、化学和生物领域的分析检测。这类探针具有高强度、高稳定性,以及可以长时间成像观察等优势。对于单个金属纳米颗粒的LSPR光谱研究通常采用暗场显微镜(DFM)与光谱仪来观察。但是,现有的暗场显微镜-光谱仪联用装置受限于自带照明光源的强度与光谱范围等原因,造成对散射信号较弱的样品光谱采集时间长、采集范围窄,例如,无法做到对粒径在30 nm以下的小颗粒纳米金进行实时观察。本文针对这一问题使用超连续激光器作为光源,使对单个金属纳米颗粒的光谱采集时间可以缩短至1 ms。此外,针对细胞功能成像的需求,增加了光片成像模式,通过切换滤块,能够实现荧光成像与暗场成像的共定位。     

Unveiling the Photo- and Thermal-Stability of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Lead halide perovskites possess unique characteristics that are well-suited for optoelectronic and energy capture devices, however, concerns about their long-term stability remain. Limited stability is often linked to the methylammonium cation, and all-inorganic CsPbX₃ (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals have been reported with improved stability. In this work, the photostability and thermal stability properties of CsPbX₃ (X=Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals were investigated by means of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR (TGA-FTIR), ensemble and single particle spectral characterization. CsPbBr₃ was found to be stable under 1-sun illumination for 16 h in ambient conditions, although single crystal luminescence analysis after illumination using a solar simulator indicates that the luminescence states are changing over time. CsPbBr₃ was also stable to heating to 250 °C. Large CsPbI₃ crystals (34±5 nm) were shown to be the least stable composition under the same conditions as both XRD reflections and Raman bands diminish under irradiation; and with heating the γ (black) phase reverts to the non-luminescent δ phase. Smaller CsPbI₃ nanocrystals (14±2 nm) purified by a different washing strategy exhibited improved photostability with no evidence of crystal growth but were still thermally unstable. Both CsPbCl₃ and CsPbBr₃ show crystal growth under irradiation or heat, likely with a preferential orientation based on XRD patterns. TGA-FTIR revealed nanocrystal mass loss was only from liberation and subsequent degradation of surface ligands. Encapsulation or other protective strategies should be employed for long-term stability of these materials under conditions of high irradiance or temperature.     

Simultaneous photolysis of directly linked porphyrin-diazonium salt molecule

Meso-tetra-(p-diazoniumphenyl) porphyrin (TDSPP) can be photolyzed only under anaerobic conditions with a yield of 0.18 during simultaneous irradiation with He-Ne laser light (632.8 nm) and light of the 313 nm line of 0 mercury lamp. The excited singlet state of TDSPP is quenched by externalp-methoxybenzene diazoniumtetra fluoroborate (MeODS) with a rate constant of 9.7 × 10⁹M⁻¹s⁻¹. TDSPP and MeODS interact in the ground state with an equilibrium constant of about 16M⁻¹ and form a fluorescent but photochemically inactive.     

SPECTRAL QUALITY OF TWO FLUORESCENT UV SOURCES DURING LONG-TERM USE

The characteristics of a fluorescent ultraviolet (UV) lamp (UVB-313), UV-B transmitting cellulose diacetate (CA) and UV-B absorbing polyester (PE) films were determined during actual use. Although lamp emission was stable between 70 and 386 h of burn time (longer times were not investigated), the absorbance of UV-B and UV-A radiation by CA and PE films, respectively, increased with time when wrapped around lamps. As a result, the irradiance of lamp/filter combinations decreased steadily (even when CA films were presolarized for 10 h), making it necessary to compensate by adjusting the height of the lamp bank or by changing filters frequently. Note that corrective action is required for UV-A controls (PE films) as well as UV-B experimental treatments (CA films). Changing filters is preferable, since aging of CA filters caused shifts in the ratio of UV-B to UV-A. However, in spite of these shifts, the normalized spectrum of weighted biologically effective UV-B radiation did not change to a large extent.     

Photochemical properties of UV-absorbing chemicals in phase-controlled polymer microspheres

In this study, a different UV (ultra-violet) ray absorption system is presented in which butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM, a model UV-A absorbent, 320–400 nm) is stabilized in phase-controlled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres. The photochemistry of BMDM in the microspheres was investigated considering its phase characteristics therein. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction showed that the BMDM in the microspheres was present in a non-crystalline state. The phase control of BMDM in the polymer microspheres has an excellent ability to protect against UV-A, whilst maintaining its photostability and thermal stability. The results obtained in this study illustrate well that the phase control of the UV absorbents in polymer microspheres is another key factor that determines their photochemistry and photostability in the final formulations.     

低温燃烧法制备Ce-TiO2光催化材料与性能研究

以硫酸钛为原料,采用低温燃烧法制备Ce掺杂TiO2光催化材料,借助SEM,XRD对样品进行表征。以粉体晶粒粒径和晶型组成为指标确定Ce最佳掺杂浓度为0.3%(摩尔分数)。选取10 mg.L-1的罗丹明B溶液,粉体添加量为1 g.L-1,高压汞灯照射下光催化降解3 h,罗丹明B的降解率为49.15%。选取光照时间1 h,粉体添加量10 mg,菌液浓度103 cfu.ml-1,普通日光灯为光源,检测产品的杀菌率为34.90%,Ce-TiO2粉体的催化活性明显优于纯TiO2。     

Photocatalytic activation of gypsum cements

Photocatalytic activity of gypsum cements that are based on the building plaster blend and synthetic calcium sulfate and contain 2–10 wt % titanium dioxide of anatase modification was studied. The decomposition rate of the model contaminant (Rhodamine C) on the surface of a plaster blend containing 2 wt %TiO₂ becomes seven times higher under exposure to a full spectrum of a UV lamp, and 29 times higher under UV-A irradiation at λ > 320 nm. It was found that there are two competing processes (photocatalysis and direct photolysis), which affect the decomposition rate of Rhodamine C on the surface of the cements, depending on the UV irradiation spectrum.     

掺Fe~(3+) A-TiO_2的合成及其对酸性红B的光催化降解性能

以硫酸氧钛和FeCl_3·6H_2O为主要原料,采用水热法合成了掺Fe~(3+)的纯锐钛矿型A-TiO_2催化剂,其结构经FT-IR和X-射线衍射表征。以波长365nm紫外灯为光源,酸性红B为降解对象,研究了其光催化降解性能。实验结果表明:掺Fe~(3+)有利于提高TiO_2的催化性能,当掺Fe~(3+)量为0.2mol%时,A-TiO_2的光催化性能最强;当掺Fe~(3+)A-TiO_2投放量为400mg·L~(-1),于20℃降解时间40min,对10mg·L~(-1)酸性红B溶液(pH=5)的降解率最大(95.11%)。     

Controlled UV-C light-induced fusion of thiol-passivated gold nanoparticles

Thiol-passivated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of a relatively small size, either decorated with chromophoric groups, such as a phthalimide (Au@PH) and benzophenone (Au@BP), or capped with octadecanethiol (Au@ODCN) have been synthesized and characterized by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These NPs were irradiated in chloroform at different UV-wavelengths using either a nanosecond laser (266 and 355 nm, ca. 12 mJ/pulse, 10 ns pulse) or conventional lamps (300 nm < λ < 400 nm and ca. 240 nm < λ < 280 nm) and the new AuNPs were characterized by X-ray and UV-vis spectroscopy, as well as by TEM. Laser irradiation at 355 nm led to NP aggregation and precipitation, while the NPs were photostable under UV-A lamp illumination. Remarkably, laser excitation at 266 nm induced a fast (minutes time-scale) increase in the size of the NPs, producing huge spherical nanocrystals, while lamp-irradiation at UV-C wavelengths brought about nanonetworks of partially fused NPs with a larger diameter than the native NPs.     

Metrology of fluorescent retroreflective materials and its relationship to their daytime visibility

This paper describes aspects of fluorescence that relate to high-visibility retroreflective materials used for visual signaling and markings. Full colorimetric characterization of these materials requires separation of the fluorescent and non-fluorescent components. Quantification of the individual components allows for accurate prediction of performance under the various conditions of illumination and viewing encountered in practical applications. When measuring retroreflective materials, it has been found that measurement geometry has a significant influence on the reflected spectral radiance factors. For fluorescent retroreflective materials, the reflected component is more sensitive than the fluorescent component to geometric restraints. Therefore, geometric specifications and tolerances are critical in the measurement of these materials.

Assessment of the relative visibility and conspicuity of fluorescent materials requires an understanding of the relationship between the spectral illumination and the total luminance factor of the specimen. Precise calculation of the total luminance factor under the varying conditions of illumination encountered in outdoor signing and marking applications is possible using the complete bispectral radiance factor array. The relationship between calculated results and field measurements is described. For routine quality control and material specification a more abridged metrology making use of the fluorescence luminance factor (Y_F) has been found useful. Y_F for CIE illuminant D65 can be used to assess the fluorescent content and durability of fluorescent materials used in signing applications. Y_F has also been found to correlate with the increased visibility performance of fluorescent signs under poor daytime visibility conditions. The introduction of Y_F into materials specifications is beginning to take place.     

Perylene-based profluorescent nitroxides for the rapid monitoring of polyester degradation upon weathering: An assessment

A profluorescent nitroxide possessing an isoindoline nitroxide moiety linked to a perylene fluorophore was developed to monitor radical mediated degradation of melamine-formaldehyde crosslinked polyester coil coatings in an industry standard accelerated weathering tester. Trapping of polyester-derived radicals (most likely C-radicals) that are generated during polymer degradation leads to fluorescent closed-shell alkoxy amines, which was used to obtain time-dependent degradation profiles to assess the relative stability of different polyesters towards weathering. The nitroxide probe couples excellent thermal stability and satisfactory photostability with high sensitivity and enables detection of free radical damage in polyesters under conditions that mimic exposure to the environment on a time scale of hours rather than months or years required by other testing methods. There are indications that the profluorescent nitroxide undergoes partial photo-degradation in the absence of polymer-derived radicals. Unexpectedly, it was also found that UV-induced fragmentation of the NO–C bond in closed-shell alkoxy amines leads to regeneration of the profluorescent nitroxide and the respective C-radical. The maximum fluorescence intensity that could be achieved with a given probe concentration is therefore not only determined by the amount of polyester radicals formed during accelerated weathering, but also by the light-driven side reactions of the profluorescent nitroxide and the corresponding alkoxy amine radical trapping products. Studies to determine the optimum probe concentration in the polymer matrix revealed that aggregation and re-absorption effects lowered the fluorescence intensity at higher concentrations of the profluorescent nitroxide, but too low probe concentrations, where these effects would be avoided, were not sufficient to trap the amount of polyester radicals formed upon weathering. The optimized experimental conditions were used to assess the impact of temperature and UV irradiance on polymer degradation during accelerated weathering.     

Wavelength dependence of mycosporine-like amino acid synthesis in Gyrodinium dorsum

The synthesis or accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) is an important UV tolerance mechanism in aquatic organisms. To investigate the wavelength dependence of MAA synthesis in the marine dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum, the organism was exposed to polychromatic radiation (PAR and UV) from a solar simulator for up to 72 h. Different irradiance spectra were produced by inserting various cut-off filters between lamp and samples. A polychromatic action spectrum for the synthesis of MAA synthesis was constructed. PAR and long wavelength UV-A radiation showed almost no effect while the most effective wavelength range was around 310 nm. Shorter wavelengths where less effective in the induction of MAA synthesis. Wavelengths below 300 nm damaged the organisms severely as indicated by a decrease in chlorophyll a absorption.     

Further Insight into the Photostability of the Pyrene Fluorophore in Halogenated Solvents

Pyrene fluorophores of pyrene‐functionalized CdSe quantum dots (QD@Py), as well as alkylpyrene and pyrene itself (Py), undergo fast degradation in aerated chloroform under ultraviolet‐A (UV‐A, 316<λ<400 nm) illumination. Steady‐state fluorescence studies of irradiated chloroform solutions of QD@Py show formation of new bands, red‐shifted compared to that of the pyrene moiety. Similar behaviour is observed for pyrene and the alkylpyrene system. Column chromatography of the pyrene photolysate in chloroform allowed us to isolate photoproducts arising from pyrene degradation, and to obtain information on the structure of the photoproducts responsible for the emission bands. The most predominant photoproducts were those originating from the reaction of pyrene with dichloromethyl radicals. The phototransformation of QD@Py and the alkylpyrene involves mainly detachment of the alkyl chain from the aromatic ring, induced also by dichloromethyl radicals, and oxidation of the alkyl chain at the benzylic position was detected as well. By contrast, these pyrene systems show a high photostability in aerated dichloromethane. Transient absorption measurements showed formation of both pyrene triplet and pyrene radical cation for all pyrene systems in these halogenated solvents. The yield of pyrene radical cations for Py is higher than for QD@Py and the alkylpyrene. In addition, pyrene radical cations were longer‐lived in dichloromethane than in chloroform. The reason for the pyrene photostability in dichloromethane is the different reactivity of chloromethyl and dichloromethyl radicals towards pyrene and oxygen. These studies show that the use of dichloromethane can be a suitable alternative to chloroform when the good solubility properties of these halogenated solvents are needed to dissolve pyrene when this chromophore is used as a fluorescent probe.