Detail review on chemical,physical and green synthesis,classification, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles

ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science. The base of nanotechnology is nanoparticles. The size of nanoparticles ranges from 1 to 100?nm. The nanoparticles are classified into different classes such as inorganic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles and carbon base nanoparticles. The inorganic nanoparticles are further classified into metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles.similarly carbon base nanoparticles classified into Fullerene, Carbon nanotubes, Graphene, Carbon nanofiber and carbon black Nanoparticles are also classified on the basis of dimension such as one dimension nanoparticles, two-dimension nanoparticles and three-dimension nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are synthesized by using two approaches like top-down approach and bottom-up approach. In this review chemical, physical and green synthesis of nanoparticles is reported. The synthesized nanoparticles are synthesized using different qualitative and quantitative techniques. The Qualitative techniques include Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X.ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The Quantitative techniques include Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Annular Dark-Field Imaging (HAADF) and Intracranial pressure (ICP). The nanoparticles have different application which is reported in this review.     

金纳米粒子与蛋白质的相互作用及其应用

金纳米粒子与蛋白质间存在多种作用方式,包括物理吸附、化学共价结合以及非共价特异性吸附等.金纳米粒子表面等离子体共振效应引起可见光区的特征吸收及表面增强拉曼散射,常用来研究金纳米粒子与蛋白质间的相互作用.金纳米粒子与蛋白质间的作用与纳米粒子的尺寸、表面化学及蛋白质的大小、电荷、氨基酸残基有关.利用金纳米粒子与蛋白质的相互作用及纳米金的谱学性质,可以对疾病或环境污染进行简单、高效、低成本检测,也可用于疾病治疗.     

表面修饰In纳米微粒的声化学法制备及结构表征

Surface modified indium nanoparticles were prepared by a simple and rapid process from bulk indium via ultrasound dispersion. The morphology and structure of synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, XRD, XPS and FTIR. The results show that the morphology of indium nanoparticles is spherical and the structure of indium nanoparticles is the tetragonal phase. The surface of indium nanoparticles was coated by 2 ethyl hexanoic acid, which could almost hold back oxidation of the indium nanoparticles. In addition, the tribological property of indium nanoparticles as additives in oil was evaluated on a four-ball tester and the results show that indium nanoparticles exhibit good performance in wear.     

Preparation and characterization of water-in-oil decane/AOT microemulsions containing silver and gold nanoparticles and large amounts of water

Stable microemulsions with water contents as high as 10 vol % have been obtained, including those additionally containing silver and gold nanoparticles. Especial attention has been focused on the influence of water and stabilizer contents on the structure of adsorption layers on nanoparticles. The properties of nanoparticles obtained via the traditional microemulsion synthesis have been compared with the properties of nanoparticles that have preliminarily been concentrated with the help of electrophoresis and dried. The electrophoretic concentration and drying of nanoparticles have been shown to improve the stability of their microemulsions. Microemulsions with the highest content of water have been studied to determine the occurrence of percolation and the influence of nanoparticles on their percolation temperature and electrical conductivity.     

聚合物纳米粒子的结构和性能对胞吞和细胞功能的影响

随着纳米医学的发展,越来越多的聚合物纳米粒子被用作荧光探针和药物或基因的载体,在生物分析、检测以及药物传输和基因治疗等领域得到应用。细胞的胞吞是细胞将细胞外基质、病毒、微组织或纳米粒子运送到细胞内部的一个重要生理过程。研究细胞对纳米粒子的胞吞,有助于从细胞层次上理解生命现象,掌握细胞内治疗的机理。本文综述了近几年来细胞和聚合物纳米粒子之间相互作用的最新研究结果。首先介绍了用于胞吞研究的常用聚合物纳米粒子体系及其功能化方法,尤其是荧光探针的复合与表面修饰。进而介绍了细胞和聚合物纳米粒子之间相互作用的基本过程,包括聚合物纳米粒子在细胞转运过程中的驱动力、细胞内转运过程、在细胞中的分布及其细胞毒性。对影响聚合物纳米微粒胞吞的因素如纳米粒子浓度、共培养时间、纳米粒子性能（形状、粒径、电荷和PEG修饰）、细胞类型和培养条件等进行了总结。最后重点介绍了用于受体介导细胞胞吞的聚合物纳米粒子体系,指出了目前研究工作中的不足及未来发展方向。     

Plant extract mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against clinically isolated pathogens

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is under exploration is due to wide biomedical applications and research interest in nanotechnology. Bioreduction of silver nitrate (AgNO(3)) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl(4)) for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles respectively with the plant extract, Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae). The plant extract is mixed with AgNO(3) and HAuCl(2), incubated and studied synthesis of nanoparticles using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, SEM equipped with EDS. The silver nanoparticles synthesized were generally found to be spherical in shape with 90 nm, whereas the synthesized gold nanoparticles were found to be 150 nm. The results showed that the leaf extract of menthol is very good bioreductant for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and synthesized nanoparticles active against clinically isolated human pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.     

Synthesis and characterization of photoluminescent In-doped CdSe nanoparticles

Indium-doped CdSe nanoparticles have been synthesized and characterized. Their light absorption, photoluminescence, and structure are similar to undoped CdSe nanoparticles. The greater part of the In associated with the nanoparticles is removed when the nanoparticles undergo ligand exchange by pyridine. As observed with undoped nanoparticles, a ZnS capping layer on the indium-doped nanoparticles results in enhanced nanocrystal photoluminescence. Also, the ZnS cap enhances the retention of In by the nanoparticles. Elemental analysis shows ligand exchange causes CdSe to be lost and capping with ZnS results in the loss of Se. We conclude that In-doped nanoparticles have most of the In on their surface, capping helps the nanoparticles retain the In, and they do not have altered electronic properties.     

AucoreCoshell纳米粒子的制备、表征及其表面增强拉曼光谱研究

在乙醇体系中和在制备好的Au纳米粒子表面, 用水合肼还原钴盐制备Co壳, 首次通过化学还原法制得核壳结构的Au-Co纳米粒子, 并通过控制钴盐的投料, 得到不同包裹层厚度的AucoreCoshell纳米粒子. 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电化学循环伏安法(CV)等测试方法对其进行表征, 并用吡啶(Py)作为探针分子研究了其SERS效应.     

Synthesis and decoloration capacity of well-defined and PMMA-grafted palygorskite nanocomposites

Structurally well-defined PMMA-grafted palygorskite nanoparticles were prepared by modifying the surface of palygorskite nanoparticles with initiators for reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (reverse ATRP) and by using these initiator-modified nanoparticles as macroinitiators. Reverse ATRP from palygorskite nanoparticles was then performed to attach well-defined polymer on to an inorganic core. It has been found that the dispersibility of palygorskite particles in organic solvents is significantly improved by grafting polymers onto the surface of palygorskite particles. The polymer-grafted palygorskite nanoparticles possess excellent decoloration capacity in organic solvents.     

Phthalocyanine macrocycle as stabilizer for gold and silver nanoparticles

A one-step process was used for the preparation of gold and silver nanoparticles stabilized by an aminophthalocyanine macrocycle. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by absorption spectra, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The nanoparticles were found to possess relatively narrow size distribution. The gold nanoparticles have an average diameter of ~2 nm, while silver particles have 4–5 nm. Preliminary studies on fluorescence and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy were carried out using these nanoparticles. Fluorescence studies indicate that gold nanoparticles do not quench the fluorescence, while silver nanoparticles do. The stabilized nanoparticles showed enhancement of the Raman signals, thus revealing that they are good substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering studies.     

金银纳米粒子的复合组装及表面增强拉曼光谱研究

采用自组装技术在硅基底上进行金银纳米粒子的混合组装, 通过控制组装溶液中金银溶胶的体积比而控制基底上金银纳米粒子的密度. SEM结果显示金银呈亚单层均匀分布, 以吡啶为探针分子, 在不同波长的激发光下研究了纯金、银以及混合组装时的SERS效应. 利用金银在不同激发线下增强效应的不同以及探针分子吸附在金银纳米粒子表面主要谱峰相对强度差别的特点, 通过一系列校正以及差谱方法研究了金银共存时SERS效应的变化, 并分离出混合体系中金的增强行为, 结果表明在金银同时组装时吡啶的SERS谱峰特征主要表现为银纳米粒子的行为, 分离出的金SERS光谱特征接近银的行为, 说明金银纳米粒子之间产生了一定的耦合作用.     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Applications of Copper Nanoparticles

Copper nanoparticles with different structural properties and effective biological effects may be fabricated using new green protocols. The control over particle size and in turn size-dependent properties of copper nanoparticles is expected to provide additional applications. Various methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles have been reported including chemical methods, physical methods, biological methods, and green synthesis. Biological methods involve the use of plant extracts, bacteria, and fungi. Commendable work has been done regarding the synthesis and stability of copper nanoparticles. There is a need to summarize the behavior of copper nanoparticles in different media under various conditions. Here, a complete list of the literature on the synthesis of copper nanoparticles, their properties, stabilizing agents, factors affecting the morphology, and their applications is presented. The importance of copper nanoparticles compared to other metal nanoparticles are due to high conductivity. Methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles, including green protocols using plants and micro-organisms compared chemical methods, have also been reviewed.     

纳米银对表面吸附荧光素的荧光增强和荧光猝灭效应及KCl的荧光猝灭释放效应

制备了两种不同粒径的纳米银溶胶，研究了在水溶液条件下其对表面吸附荧光素(FL)的荧光性能的影响及KCl电解质对该体系荧光性能的影响。FL溶液中加入纳米银，FL分子吸收峰位发生红移。随着纳米银浓度的增加，FL分子荧光先出现增强，而后又逐渐猝灭。粒径较大的纳米银产生最大荧光增强比率所需浓度较低。在纳米银猝灭FL分子荧光的溶液中加入KCl电解质，随着KCl浓度的增加，荧光逐渐增强，出现了荧光猝灭释放效应。研究结果表明，纳米银对表面吸附FL的荧光作用与FL分子附近局域电磁场增强和分子到金属表面无辐射跃迁能量转移过程决定并与纳米银的浓度、尺寸及电解质等密切相关。     

In situ synthesis of water dispersible bovine serum albumin capped gold and silver nanoparticles and their cytocompatibility studies

A simple and convenient one step room temperature method is described for the synthesis of bovine serum albumin (BSA) capped gold and silver nanoparticles. BSA reduces silver ions to silver nanoparticles but does not directly reduce gold ions to gold nanoparticles at room temperature and varying pH conditions. However, when silver and gold ions are simultaneously added to BSA, silver ions get reduced to metallic silver first and these in turn reduce gold ions to gold nanoparticles through a galvanic exchange reaction. The so synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles are easily water dispersible and can withstand addition of salt even at high concentrations. It is shown that the capped protein retains its secondary structure and the helicity to a large extent on the nanoparticles surface and that the protein capping makes the nanoparticles cytocompatible.     

Integrities and Skin Permeation-Enhancing Characteristics of Behenic Acid Nanoparticles

Fatty acid nanoparticles containing hinokitiol (HKL) were prepared by a melt-emulsification method. Behenic acid (BA) was used as a lipid for the matrix material of the nanoparticle. The size distribution was quite mono-dispersive and the mean diameter was around 200 nm. On a differential scanning calorimeter, no endothermic peak of HKL was observed when it was encapsulated in the nanoparticles. This indicates that HKL in the lipid matrix of the nanoparticles is not in a crystalline state, but rather in a dissolved state. The nanoparticles were stable over the range of pH 2–10 in terms of size. The absolute values of the zeta potentials in the pH range were high enough to prevent a particle-to-particle aggregation. Compared with stearic acid (SA) nanoparticles, which were completely disintegrated in sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solution of 4%, the BA nanoparticles were robust and remained intact even in SLS solutions of 14%. Therefore, BA nanoparticles would be applicable to cleansing products containing detergents for personal care. When encapsulated either in SA nanoparticles or in BA nanoparticles, the in vitro flux of HKL through hairless mouse skin was 10–15 times higher than dissolved in propylene glycol. BA nanoparticles, however, enhanced the transdermal delivery of HKL less than SA nanoparticles did.     

纳米锰锌铁氧体的制备及在TPV中的应用

采用化学共沉淀法制备纳米锰锌铁氧体纳米颗粒,并用油酸进行表面改性,有效地阻止了纳米颗粒的团聚;改性后团聚体的粒径明显减小,提高了其在TPV中的分散性.将制备好的纳米颗粒作为填料改性TPV,通过一系列试验发现,油酸改性的锰锌铁氧体纳米颗粒比未改性的纳米颗粒更能提高TPV的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率.     

Synthesis and surface treatment of magnetite nanoparticles for tuning hydrophobicity and colloidal stability

Post-synthetic surface modification of magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by a modified co-precipitation process was carried out with triethoxy-terminated perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oligomers. The chemisorption of PFPE oligomers on the surface of magnetites was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and TGA analyses. The efficiency of surface modification of the oligomer to prevent the aggregation of magnetite nanoparticles was studied with the dynamic light scattering technique by measuring the hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index of the surface treated nanoparticles, together with their zeta potential. Aggregation kinetics profiles were constructed for surface treated nanoparticles. The obtained data was compared with magnetite nanoparticles treated with critic acid, to assess the efficiency of the surface modification with the PFPE oligomers. The comparison showed that the bifunctional PFPE oligomer treated nanoparticles are characterized by improved colloidal stability and hydrophobicity.     

Improvement in the luminescence properties and processability of LaF3/Ln and LaPO4/Ln nanoparticles by surface modification

The surface of lanthanide(III)-doped LaPO4 nanoparticles was modified by reaction with an alcohol, leading to a covalent bond between the ligand and the particle surface. The surface of lanthanide(III)-doped LaF3 nanoparticles was modified to alter the solubility of the nanoparticles and study the influence of surface effects on the luminescence of lanthanide ions doped in the nanoparticles. The coordinated organic ligands can be modified by a quantitative exchange reaction in solution or by using functionalized ligands during the synthesis. Variation of the ratio of ligand to core reagents had a significant influence on the size of the nanoparticles. Smaller nanoparticles were formed with a higher ligand ratio. The optical properties of these nanoparticles show a strong dependence on nanoparticle size, indicating the influence of quenching probably by CH and OH groups at or near the surface of the nanoparticle cores. The luminescence lifetime of LaF3/Eu nanoparticles varied from 6.5 to 7.4 ms for nanoparticles with an average size of 7.1 to 8.4 nm. A significant reduction of the quenching from the surface of the nanoparticles was obtained by the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles, in which a shell of LaF3 was grown epitaxially around the doped core nanoparticles. This leads to an increase in the luminescence lifetime of the Eu3+ ion and the observation of emissions from the 5D2 energy level, in addition to emissions from the 5D1 and 5D0 levels. The quantum yield of LaF3/Ce,Tb nanoparticles could be increased from 24 to 54% by the growth of a LaF3 shell around the nanoparticles.     

Size effect in thiol and amine binding to small Pt nanoparticles

A study was carried out to compare the binding affinities of 1-dodecanethiol and dodecylamine for small Pt nanoparticles. The results showed that the affinity of thiol for Pt nanoparticles increases with increasing particle size whereas the affinity of amine for Pt nanoparticles decreases. The divergence in binding affinities has resulted in differences in catalytic activities of thiol- and amine-protected Pt nanoparticles in the room temperature electro-oxidation of methanol (a fuel cell reaction). It was therefore possible for the larger Pt nanoparticles to be catalytically more active than the smaller Pt nanoparticles up to a certain critical size, before the surface area effects of nanoparticles become noticeable.     

Use of nanoparticles in capillary and microchip electrochromatography

Applications of nanoparticles are of rising interest in separation science, due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio as well as their applicability in miniaturization. A stationary phase with large surface area in combination with an electroosmotic flow-driven system has great potential in a highly efficient separation system. This review covers the use of various nanoparticles as stationary or pseudostationary phase in capillary and microchip electrochromatography. The use of nanoparticles in pseudostationary phase capillary electrochromatography and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography are thoroughly discussed. The stationary and pseudostationary phases that are described include polymer nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.