内燃机气道及缸内气体流动特性研究

本文对某型号内燃机气道稳态流动和缸内气流运动特性进行了研究.气道流动特性稳态计算结果与气道稳流试验结果相吻合,流动特征参数偏差在3%左右.瞬态计算结果表明,在进气行程初期,缸内涡流和湍流迅速增强,随后涡流变化缓慢,而湍流强度迅速下降.在气门叠开时,存在进气和排气回流现象.进气时,进气阀边缘处是缸内气体最大速度出现位置,气门最大升程时该处速度达到134.4m/s;切向气道缩口处最大速度高达134.7m/s,此处存在一定的进气节流损失.     

四气门汽油机缸内滚流运动对燃烧过程影响的研究

1引言近年来，四气门汽油机由于性能优越，已成为车用发动机的发展方向，而我国在这方面的研究和开发还没有开展。对其缸内空气运动的研究发现[1-4]：当两个进气门都打开时，缸内空气运动主要是绕与气缸轴线垂直方向旋转的滚流运动（Tumblemotion），与传统二气门发动机缸内形成的绕气缸轴线旋转的涡流运动（Swirlmotion）不同；它在压缩末期很容易破碎，大大增加了湍流强度，促进燃烧过程明显改善。但在低速时，由于进气速度下降，燃油在进气道蒸发和雾化变差，使燃烧过程恶化，发动机扭矩下降。为此，一些汽车公司采用在低速时将一个进气…     

基于大涡模拟的小型转子发动机缸内湍流研究

本文应用大涡模拟的方法对小型转子发动机的缸内流场进行了三维数值分析,分别从拟序结构、湍流脉动和湍动能三个方面研究小型转子发动机缸内的瞬态湍流特征。计算结果表明,大涡模拟结合Q准则可以有效的识别小型转子发动机缸内流场的大尺度拟序结构。进气过程中高强度的涡团主要分布于燃烧室的前部和后部,压缩过程中高强度的涡团分布从燃烧室中部向后部转移。湍流在垂直于转子截面上的法向脉动最为剧烈,其中中部区域的剧烈程度远高于两侧。湍流在平行于前后端面的截面上的法向脉动最弱,没有明显的波动。从进气口打开到压缩上止点期间,缸内亚网格湍动能和平均气流速度出现两次明显的峰值,这分别与进气能量和大尺度涡团的破碎有直接的关系。     

小尺度涡流发生器强化传热机理的研究

在矩形槽道内布置了不同高度的小尺度涡流发生器,采用湍流模型对流体在其中的流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟,并对流体在槽道中的传热和流动特性进行了对比研究.分析了小尺度涡流发生器诱导涡的特性及其对湍流相干结构的影响与作用,讨论了湍流相干结构对温度场的作用机理,解释了涡流发生器强化换热的机理.     

超声速层流/湍流压缩拐角流动结构的实验研究

在Ma=3.0的超声速风洞中, 分别对上游边界层为超声速层流和湍流, 压缩角度为25°和28°的压缩拐角流动进行了实验研究. 采用纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术获得了流场整体和局部区域的精细结构, 边界层、剪切层、分离激波、回流区和再附激波等典型结构清晰可见, 测量了超声速层流压缩拐角壁面的压力系数. 从时间平均的流场结构中测量出分离激波、再附激波的角度和再附后重新发展的边界层的增长情况, 通过分析时间相关的流场NPLS图像, 可以发现流场结构随时间的演化特性. 实验结果表明: 在25°的压缩角度下, 超声速层流压缩拐角流动发生了典型的分离, 边界层迅速增长失稳转捩, 并引起一道诱导激波, 流场中出现了K-H涡、剪切层和微弱压缩波结构, 而超声速湍流压缩拐角流动没有出现分离, 湍流边界层始终表现为附着状态; 在28° 的压缩角度下, 超声速层流压缩拐角流动进一步分离, 回流区范围明显扩大, 诱导激波、分离激波向上游移动, 再附激波向下游移动, 分离区流动结构复杂, 相比之下, 超声速湍流压缩拐角流动的回流区范围明显较小, 边界层增长缓慢, 流场中没有出现诱导激波、K-H涡和压缩波, 流动分离区域的结构也相对简单, 但分离激波的强度则明显更强. 关键词： 压缩拐角 层流 湍流 流动结构     

涡流管内三维强旋转流场数值模拟与分析

涡流管内可压缩气体的强旋转流动是涡流管能量分离的根本原因和驱动力,因而涡流管内流场研究是揭示涡流管能量分离物理机制的首要关键问题。由于涡流管内可压缩气体的三维强旋转湍流流动,实验测量中存在诸多问题,而CFD数值模拟技术对此具有很大的优势。文中以涡流管内部流场为研究对象,建立了涡流管计算域模型并进行网格划分,讨论了边界条件、湍流模型以及线性方程组求解策略等问题,对不同冷气流率下的涡流管内三维强旋流流场结构特性进行数值模拟,获得了不同冷气流率下的旋转运动、轴向运动、径向运动和循环流的分布特性。研究表明Realizableκ-ε湍流模型能够充分反映强旋流动特点,数值模拟结果与文献中实验值基本吻合。     

气膜孔内流动结构对冷却效率的影响

涡轮叶片气膜孔内的流场结构对气膜射流下游的流动有着明显的影响。本文应用数值模拟的方法计算了平板上四种气膜冷却结构的孔内涡流场,从而分析气膜孔内涡结构对气膜冷却效率的作用规律。结果表明:当射流进入气膜孔并发生偏转时,气膜孔内会生成不同强度的旋转涡对;此对涡会导致气膜孔内射流能量的损失,并对主流内的肾型涡产生作用。当孔内涡对与主流肾型涡转向相同时,主流肾型涡湍流强度增加,气膜冷却效率下降;反之,当孔内涡转向与主流肾型涡相反时,主流肾型涡湍流强度降低,气膜冷却效率提升。通过对孔内涡结构的优化,文中所提的两种气膜孔改型结构能够有效地提高气膜冷却效率。     

用单一循环LDA测量法研究四气门汽油机缸内滚流运动的湍流结构

本研究在一台四气门汽油机上对缸内滚流运动进行了LDA测量，通过改进测试系统提高了数据率，用低通滤波的单一循环分析法计算了湍流结构参数。结果发现，滚流的湍流结构具有尺度大、频率低的特点；滚流运动在压缩末期破碎时，湍流的自相关时间和积分时间尺度显著增加。     

涡流二极管三维强旋湍流流动的数值模拟

为了揭示涡流二极管内三维强旋流动的特性与其阻抗性能的关系,进一步提高涡流二极管正反向流动阻抗比,本文采用Reynolds应力模型对涡流腔内非对称强旋转湍流流动进行了数值模拟,分析了腔内矢量场与标量场的分布特性,基于涡流腔内的涡量分析,得到了涡流腔内旋流的强制涡与自由涡结构及各自区域范围,并研究了涡流腔径宽比对整体性能的...     

扰流板作用下湍流/非湍流界面特性

在零压梯度平板湍流边界层流动中安装垂直流向高度为h的扰流板,诱导流场产生横向涡,研究横向涡影响下湍流/非湍流界面特性沿流向的发展。结果表明,在本实验条件下,整个流动经历了从湍流边界层到流动分离和再附,再向湍流边界层恢复的过程。在扰流板下游约18h距离后,扰流板尾迹的影响逐渐衰退,壁面剪切对湍流强度的贡献开始逐渐恢复,在扰流板下游约55h距离后,湍流边界层再次充分发展。与此同时,由于扰流板后流场流动结构拟序性的增强,湍流/非湍流界面的分形维度受扰流板影响而减小,表明脱落涡有使界面多尺度特性、三维性减弱的趋势。此外,界面高度的概率密度分布受扰流板影响呈现显著的右偏,主要与扰流板增强喷射运动强度,使得界面更容易抬升相关。流动结构及界面特性受扰流板影响后的流向演化有同步变化的模式,扰流板对界面特性影响主要集中于（-5~18）h的流向范围。      

四气门汽油机中滚流运动的三维数值模拟

四气门汽油机中空气运动以滚流为主，滚流有助于改善燃烧过程．本文用ＡＬＥ方法进行了四气门汽油机中滚流运动的三维数值模拟．计算结果展示了在滚流缸内三维空间中形成及演变过程，及其湍动能场的变化规律．与实验结果的比较表明两者吻合较好，验证了计算结果的可靠性．     

Interaction d'un écoulement de thermosiphon avec un panache thermique à symétrie axiale: étude expérimentale

The present work reports an experimental study of a thermosiphon effect on an axisymmetric thermal plume. An experimental apparatus composed of a circular disc heated at constant temperature was set up. The disc is placed at the entrance to an open-ended vertical cylinder of larger diameter. Thermal radiation emitted by the hot disc heats the cylinder wall. The heating of fluid to the cylinder-inlet is the cause of the thermosiphon effect around the thermal plume. First, we studied the flow generated by the thermal plume. The analysis of the average fields of velocity and temperature shows that the structure of a thermal plume generated by a hot obstacle is affected by the characteristics of the main flow around this obstacle. Furthermore, these results allowed us to rediscover the two classical zones which constitute a thermal plume. Secondly, we studied the thermosiphon effect on the thermal plume development. The average fields evolution of velocity and temperature as well as the flow visualization show the existence of three different zones. The first zone of the plume air feeding is characterized by the dynamic and thermal profiles in three extrema structures. These extrema disappear in the second zone where the profiles present only one maximum. In the last zone, the profiles are flattened and self-similar. Thus, the turbulence is fully developed. However, one observes an improvement in the amount of energy absorbed by the fluid and an increase in the flow rate inside the cylinder. A flow visualization with laser plan allowed us to show that the position of the vertical cylinder around the hot disc affects the flow structure plume and causes the appearance of a new zone at the entrance to the system. However, the analysis of the fluctuating fields related to two studied cases shows that the thermosiphon effect has an important influence on the turbulent intensity structure of the flow evolution.     

Wake-boundary layer interaction behind an elliptic cylinder at different Reynolds numbers

In this paper, hot-wire anemometry (HWA) is used to experimentally investigate interactions between a fully developed turbulent boundary layer and wake of an elliptic cylinder where axis ratio (AR) of the cylinder is 2. The elliptic cylinder was located inside and outside a turbulent boundary layer with a thickness (δ) of 0.38B. Furthermore, experiments were conducted at different Reynolds numbers (13,250 and 26,500) based upon the smallest cylinder diameter (B). Mean velocity, turbulence intensity and higher-order central moments of velocity signals (i.e. skewness and flatness) measurements were performed using HWA upon wake-boundary layer interactions on a flat plate. Results showed that profiles of stream-wise mean velocity and turbulence intensity were greatly dependent on gap ratio (G/B) and Reynolds number (Re) in near-wake region. It was also observed that, except for G/B = 0.1, the wake-boundary layer interactions were faster at Reynolds number of 26,500 rather than 13,250. The interactions occurred earlier upon fluctuating the velocity rather than the case where a fixed mean velocity was considered. The results further show that an increase in the gap ratio increases Strouhal number almost independent of δ/B. Behind the cylinder, relatively smaller wake region was obtained at Re = 26,500 rather than Re = 13,250, where the velocity profiles quickly converged to the flat plate boundary layer velocity profiles.     

Study of scattering from turbulence structure generated by propeller with FLUENT

In this article, the turbulence structure generated by a propeller is simulated with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT. With the method of moments, the backscattering radar cross sections (RCS) of the turbulence structure are calculated. The scattering results can reflect the turbulent intensity of the wave profiles. For the wake turbulence with low rotating speed, the scattering intensity of HH polarization is much smaller than VV polarization at large incident angles. When the turbulence becomes stronger with high rotating speed, the scattering intensity of HH polarization also becomes stronger at large incident angles, which is almost the same with VV polarization. And also, the bistatic scattering of the turbulence structure has the similar situation. These scattering results indicate that the turbulence structure can also give rise to an anomaly compared with traditional sea surface. The study of electromagnetic (EM) scattering from turbulence structure generated by the propeller can help in better understanding of the scattering from different kinds of waves and provide more bases to explain the anomalies of EM scattering from sea surfaces.     

Effect of the number of grooves on flow characteristics around a circular cylinder with triangular grooves

In the flow around a circular cylinder, a sudden decrease in the mean drag coefficient occurs at a high Reynolds number, but the same phenomenon occurs at a lower Reynolds number in the case where there exist grooves or roughness on the cylinder surface. In this paper, in order to make clear the flow characteristics around a cylinder with 20, 26 and 32 triangular grooves, the mean drag coefficient, pressure distribution, velocity distribution and turbulence intensity distribution were measured. Moreover, the flow around the cylinder was analyzed by applying the RNGk − ɛ turbulent model, and the surface flow pattern was investigated using the oil-film technique. From these results, it was found that a sudden decrease in the mean drag coefficient of a cylinder with 32 triangular grooves occurs at a lower Reynolds number compared with 20 and 26 triangular grooves.     

Effect of external actions on the characteristics of vortex sound

The dependence of the characteristics of vortex sound caused by an air flow around a rigid cylinder on various factors, including the turbulence of the incident flow, the inhomogeneity of the cylinder surface, and the sound radiation of an external source, is experimentally investigated. Measurements have made it possible to specify the mechanism of vortex sound radiation under the action of external factors, to relate the radiation intensity and the drag to the type of air flow around the body, and to propose possible ways of reducing the vortex sound radiation intensity.     

Beam spreading of truncated Gaussian beams in Kolmogorov turbulence

Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the hard-edge aperture function expanded as the sum of finite-term complex Gaussian function, analytical expression for average intensity of truncated Gaussian beam in Kolmogorov turbulence is derived, and some limiting cases are discussed. The influences of many factors, such as Fresnel number, wavelength, truncation parameter and structure constant on beam spreading are studied with the help of the average intensity formula. We found that the peak value of average intensity decreases and the beam spot spreads with the decrease of Fresnel number. The change of peak intensity against Fresnel number is slower with large aperture than that with small aperture. When Fresnel number is not small enough the influence of turbulence on intensity profiles is so small that can be neglected if structure constant is small.     

直喷式柴油机燃烧数值计算研究

以KIVA-3为计算平台,对4气门直喷式柴油机的早喷燃烧、预喷燃烧和传统燃烧三种燃烧方式工作过程进行了模拟计算,得以下结论:早喷燃烧方式因喷到缸壁的油量较多,受进气涡流影响较少,同时利用喷射效应改善缸内氧气分布,因此早喷燃烧比较完全。预喷燃烧方式仍以扩散燃烧为主,预喷油燃烧改变了主喷初期油注周围的组分分布与温度分布,从而改变主喷燃油的燃烧历程。进气涡流造成的缸内流场不均匀性是影响传统燃烧方式燃烧不完全的主要因素之一。