高功率离子束的应用研究

 给出用“闪光二号”加速器高功率离子束轰击19F靶产生6~7MeV准单能脉冲γ射线的实验结果；提出采用离子束传输法分离和降低轫致辐射干扰的方法，利用闪烁体探测器和半导体探测器，测出质子传输不同距离后轰击C₂F₄靶产生的6~7MeV准单能脉冲γ射线信号以及相比轫致辐射的延迟时间；介绍了模拟材料的软X射线的热 力学效应等方面的高功率离子束的应用，给出一些实验和理论计算结果。     

阴阳极等离子体运动对强箍缩离子束二极管束流特性的影响

 主要研究了阴阳极等离子体运动对“闪光二号”加速器强箍缩离子束二极管束流特性的影响。给出了考虑阴阳极产生的等离子体运动对二极管间隙影响的Child-langmuir流、弱聚焦流、强聚焦流和饱和顺位流4个阶段的离子流和二极管总束流修正公式，利用这些修正公式计算的二极管总束流和离子束流强度与实测结果符合很好，在此基础上分析了提高离子束流强度和效率的方法，通过调整加速器参数，实验得到了峰值能量约500 keV，峰值电流约160 kA的高功率离子束。     

高功率脉冲离子束的产生

分析了高功率二极管中的双向流以及提高离子流产生效率的反射三极管、磁绝缘二极管和箍缩二极管工作原理,概述了高功率脉冲离子束研究进展及发展方向。     

“阳”加速器钛丝X箍缩光源辐射特性实验研究

为了利用X箍缩产生的点光源作为背光光源对丝阵Z箍缩内爆早期的负 载内部结构进行背光照相, 在"阳"加速器(电流峰值为500-800 kA, 上升时间约80 ns)上开展了钛丝(丝交叉角度为60°) X箍缩光源辐射特性的初步实验研究. 通过X射线二极管探测器、透射光栅谱仪、晶体谱仪和狭缝相机等诊断设备获取了箍缩点光源的辐射功率达到1.5 GW左右, 辐射能量约为1 J, 光子能量为keV量级的辐射能谱范围主要集中在1-4 keV能段, 点光源尺寸小于15 μm, 其时间尺度(辐射脉冲半高宽)达到了200 ps. 对光源特征信息进行了初步分析, 同时掌握了有效获取钛丝X箍缩单脉冲点光源的方法.     

高功率脉冲离子束的产生

 分析了高功率二极管中的双向流以及提高离子流产生效率的反射三极管、磁绝缘二极管和箍缩二极管工作原理,概述了高功率脉冲离子束研究进展及发展方向。     

强光一号Z箍缩产生keV级特征X射线初步研究

 分析了高功率Z箍缩产生keV级特征X射线辐射的物理机理和用于计算等离子体K层辐射二能级模型，给出了采用二能级模型进行数值模拟的结果，描述了强光一号装置驱动Z箍缩负载的脉冲功率源特性参数，介绍了所设计研制的双层喷Ne气和双层铝丝阵两类Z箍缩负载的结构与参数，并对下一步拟开展的实验研究工作进行了说明。利用特制真空X射线二极管测量了强光一号双层喷氖气Z箍缩实验产生的X射线波形，实验结果表明，当气室内初始气压在0.8 MPa时，喷Ne气Z箍缩可获得较好的keV量级的X射线辐射。     

强光一号兆安电流钨丝X箍缩实验研究

为了获得更高亮度的X射线点源,在"强光一号"装置上开展钨丝X箍缩实验研究.基于能量平衡方程,估算了1 MA电流热斑等离子体平衡半径为1—10μm.实验中,测试钨丝直径为25—100μm,丝根数为2—48,负载线质量为0.18—6.9 mg/cm;负载电流峰值为1—1.4 MA,10%—90%前沿为60—70 ns."强光一号"装置上匹配的X箍缩负载为30或32根25μm钨丝X箍缩,这种负载一定概率产生单个脉冲X射线辐射,辐射时刻位于电流峰值附近,典型参数为keV X射线脉宽1 ns,辐射功率35 GW,产额40 J,热斑尺寸～30μm.然而,兆安电流X箍缩通常产生多个热斑及多个脉冲X射线辐射.keV能段首个脉冲X射线辐射时刻与负载线质量正相关,并受到负载丝直径的影响.多个X射线脉冲可能由二次箍缩和局部箍缩产生,多个热斑可能由交叉点处微Z箍缩的长波长扰动和短波长扰动引起.与百千安电流X箍缩相比,兆安电流X箍缩热斑亮度更高,但X射线辐射脉冲的单一稳定性还有待于进一步改善.     

绝缘环厚度对200kV箍缩反射离子二极管电参数的影响

 给出了箍缩反射离子二极管中绝缘环厚度的选择原则,并从实验上给出了200kV箍缩反射离子二极管的绝缘环厚度对离子束和二极管电参数的影响,当绝缘环厚度为2～3mm时,二极管总电流峰值和离子束流峰值都较大,加速器系统工作状态较稳定。     

强光一号Z箍缩实验研究

 在强光一号装置驱动电流峰值1.4~2.1 MA、上升时间80~100 ns条件下,研究了喷Kr气、喷Ne气、W丝阵和Al丝阵负载Z箍缩等离子体的辐射特性和聚爆过程。实验研究中,用分压器和两个罗戈夫斯基线圈分别测量二极管的电压和流过负载的电流波形,用过滤型X射线二极管和100~1 400 eV平能谱响应闪烁探测器测量X射线时间谱,用镍薄膜量热计测量X射线总能量,用纳秒时间分辨软X射线图像诊断系统记录了Z箍缩的聚爆过程,用时空分辨的椭圆弯晶谱仪诊断了Z箍缩等离子体产生的keV级特征X射线的能谱分布。其中,喷Kr气负载的X射线辐射总能量大于60 kJ,峰值功率约1.7 TW,总能量转换效率可达23%;W丝阵负载的辐射总能量大于30 kJ,峰值功率约1.30 TW,总能量转换效率约为12.5%;喷Ne气负载的keV级辐射总能量5.6 kJ,峰值功率约256 GW,能量转换效率可达2%; Al丝阵负载的keV级辐射总能量2.3 kJ,峰值功率约94 GW,能量转换效率可达0.8%。喷气负载在Z箍缩聚爆过程中存在“拉链”现象,丝阵负载在Z箍缩聚爆过程中存在先驱现象。     

感应电压叠加器驱动阳极杆箍缩二极管型脉冲X射线源

 介绍了自行研制的用于闪光照相且基于感应电压叠加器和阳极杆箍缩二极管的X射线源的组成、结构和主要参数。输出电压3 MV的Marx发生器给阻抗7.8 Ω水介质脉冲形成线充电,产生脉宽约70 ns,电压约1 MV的高功率脉冲,经过峰化开关和预脉冲开关后分成3路馈入三级感应电压叠加器感应腔进行电压叠加,感应电压叠加器次级采用真空绝缘传输线,阻抗从40 Ω变成60 Ω,驱动阳极杆箍缩二极管,二极管阴极为石墨,阳极为直径1.2 mm的钨杆,石墨阴极产生的电子束在电流自磁场作用下发生箍缩,轰击阳极,产生小焦斑脉冲Ｘ射线。该装置在Marx充电电压为±35 kV时,二极管电压约2.0 MV,二极管电流约为50 kA,半高宽约80 ns;X射线半高宽约为40 ns,剂量约为28 mGy,焦斑约为0.95 mm。利用该X射线源拍摄到了炸药爆炸产生的层裂碎片不同飞行时间的图像。     

高功率离子束辐照膜基双层靶温度场的数值研究

采用TRIM程序模拟高功率离子束与铝基钛膜双层靶的相互作用.计算了束流在靶材内的能量沉积及分布情况,并以此沉积能量为热源项,采用有限差分方法求解非线性热传导方程,得到了温度场的分布规律,分析了不同离子流密度对界面物质状态的影响.结果表明,离子束电流密度在100—200 A/cm²之间取值时,脉冲结束后界面处两种物质均达到熔融状态.     

Computer Simulation of High-Power Ion Beam Generation Using the Plasma Erosion Opening Switch and Microsecond Store Systems

This paper deals with computer simulation of plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) operation in the context of short-pulse high-power ion beam (HPIB) generation in microsecond store systems. The scaling of PEOS parameters and ion diode characteristics with various operating conditions was determined. The simulations showed the best PEOS characteristics for a hydrogen plasma (i.e., the lowest mass) with a high flow velocity and low density, although for some applications a plasma with A/Z > 1 may be preferable. It was shown that the efficiency of HPIB generation in the diode depends on its location relative to the PEOS, the time delay of anode plasma formation, the use of a spiral electrode in the PEOS region, and the use of an arrangement involving an ion return current bypass through the PEOS region. The optimization of the PEOS and ion diode with coaxial configurations and 100 kJ stored in the 600-kV Marx yielded a 16-percent overall efficiency HPIB generation in the diode, with a diode voltage and power of 4.2 MV and 0.42 TW, respectively.     

叠片法测量“闪光二号”加速器的高功率离子束能谱

给出了利用叠片法测量“闪光二号”加速器高功率离子束能谱的基本原理及初步实验结果. 采用Ziegler的拟合公式编制程序计算了不同能量质子和碳离子穿过不同厚度Mylar膜后的能 量损失情况.在偏压法拉第筒阵列各个法拉第筒的准直孔前分别覆盖0—6μm厚的Mylar膜， 根据不同膜厚对应的信号衰减情况(叠片法)，得到了高功率离子束的离子能谱，离子的最高 能量>440keV，平均能量约为270keV，能量为200—300keV之间的离子数目最多，碳离子数和 90keV以下的质子所占总离子数的组分不多于32％.所测量离子能谱和离子数目随时间的分布 关系与二极管的电压和电流符合也较好.还将叠片法的测量结果与利用磁谱仪和采用飞行时 间法等的测量结果进行了比较，三种方法所得的测量结果基本一致. 关键词： 高功率离子束 离子能谱 法拉第筒 叠片法 能量损失     

高功率离子束在漂移管中的中性化传输

 介绍了“闪光二号”加速器产生的高功率离子束在漂移管中的传输实验。对比了采用中性化措施前后的传输情况，分析了中性化措施对离子束束斑半径、束流均匀性的影响。根据实测的二极管电压模拟得到了传输一定距离后的束流波形，与实测结果符合较好。采取适当的中性化措施后，高功率离子束可以有效传输80 cm以上，束流发散得到抑制，束流均匀性得到改善。     

Analysis of parameters of an electron beam from a plasma-filled diode

We analyze the properties of a high-current electron beam formed in an electron source based on a plasma-filled diode and a linear pulsed transformer. The beam parameters are determined by measuring bremsstrahlung X-rays and the beam current, as well as the photographs of the diode gap in the optical range, of the anode in X-rays, and beam autographs. A beam with a current of ～100 kA and a mean electron energy exceeding 0.7 MeV for an accelerating voltage amplitude of ～1 MV is obtained. The diameter of the generated beam is ～1 cm. The electron beam from the plasma-filled diode makes it possible to attain a high anode power density (>10¹⁰ W/cm²) for exciting shock waves, for obtaining high pressures, and for generating powerful X-rays.     

Computer Simulation of High Power Ion Beams Interaction with Matter

When high-power ion beams (HPIB) collides with matter, it generates plasma with parameters of a wide range, staring with those well mastered in physics and gas discharge technologies and ending with those appropriate to such natural systems as star nucleus and thermonuclear systems in feasible power projects based on the controlled inertial thermonuclear synthesis. We are interested in a fairly wide range of beam power densities (from 1 GW/cm² to 10 TW/cm²). This paper describes one mathematical model in one dimension (a plane geometry is assumed) and one model in two dimensions (r- and z-coordinates). The models are completed by wide- range equations of state for real matter (construction materials) and supplemented with additional equations describing rheological, thermophysical, and optical properties of solid media under consideration (in various phase states from solid to plasma, including states of a strongly nonideal plasma). On the base of the continual approach, mechanical destruction of materials due to tensile strain generated by rarefaction waves is taken into account. In modeling the action of ion beams of moderate intensity (I < 10 GW/cm²) on metal targets, elastoplastic properties are taken into account, and in describing the action of ion beams with intensities I > 10 GW/cm² (in the two- dimensional model based on the large-particle technique) heat transfer, including radiational processes, is considered. Opportunities offered by contemporary computer simulation techniques in the field of interaction between HPIB and matter are demonstrated, in particular, a possibility of simulating hypervelocity impact with the help of HPIB has been shown and the necessary conditions have been determined. The results of our computer simulation may be interesting from the viewpoint of some technological applications of HPIB, for example, pulsed destruction and strengthening of construction materials, pulsed ion implantation and etc. [1].     

X-ray source for irradiation of large-area objects

The results of experiments with a three-ring large-area diode that were conducted on an MIG pulse generator are reported. The MIG generator makes it possible to produce in a matched load electrical pulses up to 2 TW in power with an FWHM of 50–60 ns (1.2–1.4 TW and 80–90 ns in our experiments). In the operating mode of the generator, the current amplitude through the load is 2 MA (the current of a relativistic electron beam) at a diode voltage of ≈ 500 kV. As a load, a large-area vacuum diode with three ring-shaped cathodes is used. It is shown that about 20% of the energy stored in the capacitor bank can be converted to the energy of a relativistic electron beam by matching the output resistance of the MIG generator to the load resistance. When the beam slows down on a condensed foil target, the parameters of the resulting source are the following: the mean energy of X-ray quanta is ≈ 70 keV; irradiated area, 500 cm²; pulse FWHM, 65 ns; energy flux in the spectrum, 2 J/cm²; and percentage of X-ray radiation (10–100 keV) in the flux, ≈ 50%.     

A dedicated small‐angle X‐ray scattering beamline with a superconducting wiggler source at the NSRRC

At the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), which operates a 1.5 GeV storage ring, a dedicated small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) beamline has been installed with an in‐achromat superconducting wiggler insertion device of peak magnetic field 3.1 T. The vertical beam divergence from the X‐ray source is reduced significantly by a collimating mirror. Subsequently the beam is selectively monochromated by a double Si(111) crystal monochromator with high energy resolution (ΔE/E? 2 × 10^?4) in the energy range 5–23 keV, or by a double Mo/B₄C multilayer monochromator for 10–30 times higher flux (～10¹¹ photons s^?1) in the 6–15 keV range. These two monochromators are incorporated into one rotating cradle for fast exchange. The monochromated beam is focused by a toroidal mirror with 1:1 focusing for a small beam divergence and a beam size of ～0.9 mm × 0.3 mm (horizontal × vertical) at the focus point located 26.5 m from the radiation source. A plane mirror installed after the toroidal mirror is selectively used to deflect the beam downwards for grazing‐incidence SAXS (GISAXS) from liquid surfaces. Two online beam‐position monitors separated by 8 m provide an efficient feedback control for an overall beam‐position stability in the 10 µm range. The beam features measured, including the flux density, energy resolution, size and divergence, are consistent with those calculated using the ray‐tracing program SHADOW. With the deflectable beam of relatively high energy resolution and high flux, the new beamline meets the requirements for a wide range of SAXS applications, including anomalous SAXS for multiphase nanoparticles (e.g. semiconductor core‐shell quantum dots) and GISAXS from liquid surfaces.     

Transport efficiency studies for light-ion inertial confinementfusion systems using ballistic transport with solenoidal lens focusing

The proposed Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) will require ⩾10 MJ of 30 MeV lithium ions to be transported and focused onto high-gain, high-yield inertial confinement fusion targets. The light-ion LMF approach uses a multimodular system with individual ion extraction diodes as beam sources. Previous work examined the effect of time-of-flight bunching on energy transport efficiency, η_t, under realistic constraints on diode operation, beam transport, and packing. Target design considerations suggest that the instantaneous power efficiency, Γ_t, be maximized near peak power, Because of time-of-flight bunching, peak power occurs at the end of the power pulse for LMF designs. This work examines the effect of power efficiency tuning on η_t for an LMF design using ballistic transport with solenoidal lens focusing. Results indicate that tuning the power pulse to maximize Γ_t at about three-quarters through the pulse provides high power efficiency at the end of the pulse while still maintaining high η_t. In addition to power efficiency tuning, effects on η_t from variations of the diode impedance model and the diode voltage waveform are also examined