低共熔溶剂的热稳定性研究

近年来,低共熔溶剂(DESs)引起了人们的广泛关注,在诸多领域得到应用。DESs一般由氢键供体(HBDs)和氢键受体(HBAs)通过氢键作用形成,其热稳定性研究对于其高温应用具有重要意义。本文利用热重分析法(TG)对40种DESs的热稳定性进行了系统研究,并得到了所研究DESs的开始分解温度(T_onset)。值得注意的是,DESs受热后的变化情况与离子液体不同,呈现出分阶段失重的现象。通常形成DESs的氢键在升温后首先被破坏,从而导致DESs分解成组成其的HBDs和HBAs。然后热稳定性较差(或者沸点较低)的HBDs首先分解(或挥发),而HBAs则在更高温度下分解(或挥发)。例如常见的HBA氯化胆碱(ChCl)在250 ℃附近开始分解。氢键强度对DESs受热后的表现起着重要的作用,DESs中的氢键会阻碍分子“逃脱”,使得T_onset向高温方向移动。此外,我们考察了阴离子、氢键供体、摩尔比对DESs热稳定性的影响,发现HBDs自身的挥发或分解对DESs的热稳定性起着决定性作用。由于用T_onset值会高估DESs的热稳定性,长期热稳定性的考察对其工业应用具有重要价值。本研究能帮助人们理解DESs的热分解行为,为制备具有适当热稳定性的DESs提供依据。     

The Influence of Hydrogen Bond Donors on the CO2 Absorption Mechanism by the Bio-Phenol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new type of solvent, have been studied widely for CO₂ capture. In this work, the anion-functionalized deep eutectic solvents composed of phenol-based ionic liquids (ILs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) ethylene glycol (EG) or 4-methylimidazole (4CH₃-Im) were synthesized for CO₂ capture. The phenol-based ILs used in this study were prepared from bio-derived phenols carvacrol (Car) and thymol (Thy). The CO₂ absorption capacities of the DESs were determined. The absorption mechanisms by the DESs were also studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and mass spectroscopy. Interestingly, the results indicated that CO₂ reacted with both the phenolic anions and EG, generating the phenol-based carbonates and the EG-based carbonates, when CO₂ interacted with the DESs formed by the ILs and EG. However, CO₂ only reacted with the phenolic anions when the DESs formed by the ILs and 4CH₃-Im. The results indicated that the HBDs impacted greatly on the CO₂ absorption mechanism, suggesting the mechanism can be tuned by changing the HBDs, and the different reaction pathways may be due to the steric hinderance differences of the functional groups of the HBDs.     

低共熔溶剂：一种应用在混合物分离过程中的绿色溶剂

低共熔溶剂(DESs)因具有合成容易、价格低廉、环境友好、挥发性低、溶解能力强、可生物降解、结构可设计等特点,被认为是一种绿色溶剂。近年来,研究者通过深入研究低共熔溶剂的性质,结合低共熔溶剂的特点,将其替代传统的有机溶剂,在混合物分离过程中开展了大量的研究工作,包括：酸性气体(如CO₂、CO₂和H₂S)吸收、生物活性物质萃取、燃料油品中含硫和含氮化合物的脱除、油酚混合物分离、芳烃和脂肪烃混合物的分离、醇水混合物分离、生物柴油合成过程中甘油的脱除等。本文分析了低共熔溶剂的结构、性质和特点,综述了低共熔溶剂在分离领域的最新研究成果,探讨了低共熔溶剂在混合物分离应用中存在的问题,展望了低共熔溶剂的发展趋势。     

氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油的性质与应用

作为绿色溶剂,离子液体在化学和物理学科引起广泛关注.低共融溶剂,如氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油,不仅被认为是一类新型的离子液体,还具有价格低廉、环境友好及合成简便等优势.为了促进氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油这两种低共融溶剂的应用,本文考察了氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油的微观结构、物理化学性质及水分对其物性的影响,并将其与传统离子液体进行了比较.此外,还分析了氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油在摩擦学及CO2分离中的潜在应用.已有研究结果表明,氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油有希望应用于摩擦学及CO2分离中,但是在大规模工业应用之前依然存在很多不确定性和瓶颈,还需要进一步在其纳米结构、实验测定及模型等方面进行研究.     

Biocatalysis and Biomass Conversion in Alternative Reaction Media

In this Minireview, the state of the art in the use of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as alternative reaction media for biocatalytic processes and biomass conversion is presented. Initial, proof‐of‐concept studies, more than a decade ago, involved first‐generation ILs based on dialkylimidazolium cations and non‐coordinating anions, such as tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate. More recently, emphasis has switched to more environmentally acceptable second‐generation ILs comprising cations, which are designed to be compatible with enzymes and, in many cases are derived from readily available, renewable resources, such as cholinium salts. Protic ionic liquids (PILs), prepared simply by mixing inexpensive amines and acids, are particularly attractive from both an environmental and economic viewpoint. DESs, prepared by mixing inexpensive salts with, preferably renewable, hydrogen‐bond donors such as glycerol and amino acids, have also proved suitable reaction media for biocatalytic conversions. A broad range of enzymes can be used in ILs, PILs and DESs, for example lipases in biodiesel production. These neoteric solvents are of particular interest, however, as reaction media for biocatalytic conversions of substrates that have limited solubility in common organic solvents, such as carbohydrates, nucleosides, steroids and polysaccharides. This has culminated in the recent focus of attention on their use as (co)solvents in the pretreatment and saccharification of lignocellulose as the initial steps in the conversion of second‐generation renewable biomass into biofuels and chemicals. They can similarly be used as reaction media in subsequent conversions of hexoses and pentoses into platform chemicals.     

Amide-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Alkali-Metal-Ion Rechargeable Batteries

Ionic liquids (ILs) have a wide variety of applications in energy storage and material production. ILs are composed of only cations and anions, without any molecular solvents, and are generally known as “designer liquids (solvents)” because their physicochemical properties can be tuned by the combination of ionic species. In recent several decades, research and development activities of rechargeable batteries have garnered considerable attention because certain groups of ILs exhibit high electrochemical stability and moderate ionic conductivity, rendering them suitable for application in high-voltage batteries. ILs with amide anions are representative electrolytes and are extensively researched by many research groups, including our group. This paper focuses on amide-based ILs as electrolytes for alkali-metal-ion rechargeable batteries, introducing their history, characteristics, and existing challenges to be addressed.     

Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based HS-SME Coupled with GC for the Analysis of Bioactive Terpenoids in Chamaecyparis obtusa Leaves

Headspace-solvent microextraction (HS-SME) was developed as a solvent-minimized extraction technique, but few studies have examined the applications of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to the HS-SME of bioactive compounds. In this study, HS-SME was developed for the extraction of bioactive compounds using DESs as extraction solvents. DESs, which were prepared by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) with ethylene glycol (EG) at different ratios, were applied to the extraction of three terpenoids from Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves by HS-SME. The ChCl/EG ratio in the DESs, HS-SME conditions, such as the extraction temperature and extraction time, and sample/DES ratio were optimized. All extracts were analyzed by GC. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection were 2.006 ng mL^?1 for linalool, 3.150 ng mL^?1 for α-terpineol and 2.129 ng mL^?1 for terpinyl acetate. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 2.1–6.8 %. The recoveries of the three terpenoids were in the range of 79.4–103 %. HS-SME is simple and rapid compared to heat reflux extraction and ultrasonic extraction. Moreover, DESs can be used in HS-SME for the extraction of a range of bioactive and volatile compounds.     

离子液体电解质种类对活性炭电极超级电容器电化学性能的影响

本文将经水蒸气二次活化的椰壳活性炭（W-AC）作为电极材料,选择1-乙基-3甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[EMIM]BF₄）作为电解质,结果表明W-AC电极的比电容量远高于未活化的椰壳活性炭（R-AC）.使用循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究了不同种类离子液体电解质对超级电容器电化学性能的影响.不同阴阳离子组成的离子液体作为电解质,直接影响超级电容器的电化学性能. 研究表明,由EMIM⁺和BMIM⁺阳离子与BF₄^-、TFSI^-阴离子构成的离子液体电解质较适用于W-AC电极. 其中在[EMIM]BF₄电解质中,单片电极的比电容量可高达153 F·g^-1;在1-丁基-3-甲基-咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[BMIM]BF₄）电解质中电位窗可达3.5V,能量密度可高达57 Wh·kg^-1.本研究对于构筑高性能超级电容器离子液体的选择提供参考,以满足不同应用领域需求.     

Applications of ionic liquids in electrochemical sensors

Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts with the melting point close to or below room temperature. They are composed of two asymmetrical ions of opposite charges that only loosely fit together (usually bulky organic cations and smaller anions). The good solvating properties, high conductivity, non-volatility, low toxicity, large electrochemical window (i.e. the electrochemical potential range over which the electrolyte is neither reduced nor oxidized on electrodes) and good electrochemical stability, make ILs suitable for many applications. Recently, novel ion selective sensors, gas sensors and biosensors based on ILs have been developed. IL gels were found to have good biocompatibility with enzymes, proteins and even living cells. Besides a brief discussion of the properties of ILs and their general applications based on these properties, this review focuses on the application of ILs in electroanalytical sensors.     

生物质基酸性低共熔溶剂用于高效溶解木质素及溶解机理

设计能高效溶解木质素的溶剂对木质素的高值化利用具有重要意义。本文中设计了基于氯化胆碱、甜菜碱和左旋肉碱作为氢键受体(HBA)和四种氢键供体(HBD)的生物质衍生的酸性低共熔溶剂(DESs),可以溶解包括碱木质素(AL)、脱碱木质素(DAL)、酶解木质素(EHL)和硫酸盐木质素(KL)在内的不同类型的木质素。在大多数所设计的DESs中,EHL比AL、KL和DAL更容易溶解,而不同木质素中羟基的含量对木质素的溶解有显著影响,但是并非在所有DESs中木质素的溶解情况都符合上述规则。氯化胆碱是构建DESs的首选HBA,具有良好的性能并适应于不同类型木质素的溶解,而合适的酸度使苯甲酸和没食子酸乙酯成为对木质素溶解有利的HBDs。研究表明能有效溶解木质素的DESs应具有强的氢键酸度(α值> 0.95)以及与溶解的木质素匹配的合适极性。此外,HBD的pK_a值和DESs的酸度也是评价酸性DESs溶解木质素性能的有效指标。通常具有适中pK_a值的HBDs能够用于构建具有高效的木质素溶解性能的DESs。DESs的粘度对木质素溶解也有一定影响,较低的粘度有助于木质素溶解。     

A Deep Eutectic Solvent‐based Amperometric Sensor for the Detection of Low Oxygen Contents in Gaseous Atmospheres

The possibility of adopting deep eutectic solvents (DESs) instead of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) in membrane‐free electrochemical gas probes was estimated by first evaluating the performance of ethaline as electrochemical medium. This very easily prepared DES was chosen as prototype since it displays high conductivity and fairly modest viscosity, comparable with those of RTILs usually adopted in electrochemical measurements. Its electrostability window at Au, Pt and GC electrodes was first detected, together with diffusion coefficients displayed in this medium by ferrocene in the range 2.0–26.5 °C, it being adopted as prototype analyte in view of its well known electrochemical behavior and high enough solubility in ethaline. These diffusion coefficients were then used to infer viscosity values of ethaline at all temperatures considered, by exploiting the Stokes‐Einstein equation. Even though ferrocene diffusion coefficients turned out to be remarkably lower than those displayed in usual aprotic solvents, they were fairly higher than those usually found in electrochemical measurements conducted in RTILs, thus pointing out that the use of DESs as solvents adhering to electrode surfaces for assembling electroanalytical gas sensors could be advantageous. On these bases, a conveniently assembled DES‐based probe was tested for the electrochemical detection of low oxygen contents in cooled atmospheres. The quite satisfactory results found indicated that the drawback affecting DESs, consisting in the low values of diffusion coefficients displayed by dissolved analytes, can be overcome by using thin enough DES layers and resorting to a high sensitive detection approach such as amperometry under flow conditions. In fact, good sensitivities were found at all temperatures considered (2.0–26.5 °C), accompanied by a low detection limit (ca. 0.1 % v/v).     

Novel manganese(Ⅱ)-based deep eutectic solvents: Synthesis and physical properties analysis

Type IV deep eutectic solvent(DES) involves the formation of metal-based eutectics from metal salts or metal salt hydrate in combination with various hydrogen-bond donors(HBDs) such as urea, ethylene glycol or acetamide. In current study, two distinguished approaches were used to synthesize potential DESs, given as the direct heating and the evaporating methods. Successful synthesized DESs were subjected for physical properties characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) Spectroscopy, thermal stability, viscosity,and conductivity analyses. Five novel manganese(II)-based DESs were successfully synthesized as reported in this study. Data obtained indicated that the Mn Cl2á4H2Oáacetamide DES exhibits the lowest freezing point(27.5℃), highest thermal stability(193℃ point of dehydration), lowest viscosity(E = 112.8cP) and the highest conductivity(0.12723 mS/cm). The findings obtained reveal the characteristics, nature or features of synthesized DESs as potential industrial solvents.     

印迹分子聚合物结合低共熔溶剂用于山楂中咖啡酸的固相萃取

在相同的实验条件下,分别合成了以咖啡酸为模板的印迹分子聚合物和无模板分子聚合物。使用场发射扫描电镜法和吸附实验表征这两种聚合物材料的孔状结构和选择性吸附性能。然后利用印迹分子聚合物、无模板分子聚合物、C₁₈萃取小柱这3种材料结合固相萃取法纯化山楂提取物中的咖啡酸,提取率分别为3.46、1.01、1.17 μg/g。为了优化固相萃取过程,实验研究了不同洗脱剂的影响。分别利用用氯化胆碱和甘油、氯化胆碱和尿素(摩尔比均为1:2)合成出两种低共熔溶剂。甲醇与这两种低共熔溶剂分别以不同的体积比混合作为洗脱剂,用于优化咖啡酸的固相萃取过程。实验结果表明,印迹分子聚合物是一种良好的固相萃取材料;当甲醇和甘油基低共熔溶剂在体积比为3:1混合时,表现出最好的洗脱能力,得到咖啡酸的回收率为82.32%。     

Is “Water in Salt” Electrolytes the Ultimate Solution? Achieving High Stability of Organic Anodes in Diluted Electrolyte Solutions Via a Wise Anions Selection

The introduction of the water-in-salt (WIS) electrolytes concept to prevent water splitting and widen the electrochemical stability window, has spurred extensive research efforts toward development of improved aqueous batteries. The successful implementation of these electrolyte solutions in many electrochemical systems shifts the focus from diluted to WIS electrolyte solutions. Considering the high costs and the tendency of these nearly saturated solutions to crystallize, this trend can be carefully re-evaluated. Herein we show that the stability of organic electrodes comprising the active material perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), is strongly influenced by the solvation character of the anions rather than the concentration of the electrolyte solution. Even though the charging process of PTCDA involves solely insertion of cations (i.e., principal counter-ions), surprisingly, the dominant factor influencing its electrochemical performance, including long-term electrode stability, is the type of the co-ions (i.e., electrolytic anions). Using systematic electrochemical analysis combined with theoretical simulations, we show that the selection of kosmotropic anions results in fast fading of the PTCDA anodes, while a selection of chaotropic anions leads to excellent stability, even at electrolytes concentrations as low as 0.2 M. These findings provide a new conceptual approach for designing advanced electrolyte solutions for aqueous batteries.     

Preparation of Magnesium,Cobalt and Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles from Metal Oxides using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Natural deep eutectic solvents (DESs) dissolve simple metal oxides and are used as a reaction medium to synthesize spinel‐type ferrite nanoparticles MFe₂O₄ (M=Mg, Zn, Co, Ni). The best results for phase‐pure spinel ferrites are obtained with the DES consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and maleic acid. By employing DESs, the reactions proceed at much lower temperatures than usual for the respective solid‐phase reactions of the metal oxides and at the same temperatures as synthesis with comparable calcination processes using metal salts. The method therefore reduces the overall required energy for the nanoparticle synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermolysis process of the eutectic melts in air occurs in one major step. The phase‐pure spinel‐type ferrite particles are thoroughly characterized by X‐ray diffraction, diffuse‐reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The properties of the obtained nanoparticles are shown to be comparable to those obtained by other methods, illustrating the potential of natural DESs for processing metal oxides.     

Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids

Due to their attractive physico‐chemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) are increasingly used as deposition electrolytes. This review summarizes recent advances in electrodeposition in ILs and focuses on its similarities and differences with that in aqueous solutions. The electrodeposition in ILs is divided into direct and template‐assisted deposition. We detail the direct deposition of metals, alloys and semiconductors in five types of ILs, including halometallate ILs, air‐ and water‐stable ILs, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), ILs with metal‐containing cations, and protic ILs. Template‐assisted deposition of nanostructures and macroporous structures in ILs is also presented. The effects of modulating factors such as deposition conditions (current density, current density mode, deposition time, temperature) and electrolyte components (cation, anion, metal salts, additives, water content) on the morphology, compositions, microstructures and properties of the prepared materials are highlighted.     

Ionic liquids in separation techniques

The growing interest in ionic liquids (ILs) has resulted in an exponentially increasing production of analytical applications. The potential of ILs in chemistry is related to their unique properties as non-molecular solvents: a negligible vapor pressure associated to a high thermal stability. ILs found uses in different sub-disciplines of analytical chemistry. After drawing a rapid picture of the physicochemical properties of selected ILs, this review focuses on their use in separation techniques: gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and electrophoretic methods (CE). In LC and CE, ILs are not used as pure solvents, but rather diluted in aqueous solutions. In this situation ILs are just salts. They are dual in nature. Too often the properties of the cations are taken as the properties of the IL itself. The lyotropic theory is recalled and the effects of a chaotropic anion are pointed out. Many results can be explained considering all ions present in the solution. Ion-pairing and ion-exchange mechanisms are always present, associated with hydrophobic interactions, when dealing with IL in diluted solutions. Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods are also mainly employed for the control and monitoring of ILs. These methods are also considered. ILs will soon be produced on an industrial scale and it will be necessary to develop reliable analytical procedures for their analysis and control.     

Molecular films of water-miscible ionic liquids formed on glassy carbon electrodes: characterization and electrochemical applications

This letter describes the formation and possible electrochemical applications of molecular films of water-miscible imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical results indicate that the water-miscible ILs used in this study can interact with the GC electrode and form molecular films on the electrode surface. The formed molecular films are found to possess striking electrochemical properties such as electrocatalysis toward ascorbic acid (AA) and the capability to facilitate direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This demonstration would pave the way for new electrochemical applications of water-miscible ILs and is envisaged to be useful for the investigation of the electrochemical properties of water-miscible ILs in aqueous media provided the same counteranion is used as the supporting electrolyte.     

Examination of Selectivities of Thermally Stable Geminal Dicationic Ionic Liquids by Structural Modification

Dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used as gas chromatography (GC) stationary phases as they show higher thermal stabilities, variety of polarities, and unique selectivities towards certain compounds. An important aspect contributing to them is that they show multiple solvation interactions compared to the traditional GC stationary phases. Dicationic ILs are considered as combination of three structural moieties: (1) cationic head groups; (2) a linkage chain; and (3) the counter anions. Modifications in these structural moieties can alter the chromatographic properties of IL stationary phases. In this study, a series of nine thermally stable IL stationary phases were synthesized by the combination of five different cations, two different linkage chains, and two different anions. Different test mixtures composed of a variety of compounds having different functional groups and polarities were analyzed on these columns. A comparison of the separation patterns of these different compounds on nine different IL columns provided some insights about the effects of structural modifications on the selectivities and polarities of dicationic ILs.     

Preparation and characterization of cotton fabrics with antibacterial properties treated by crosslinkable benzophenone derivative in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Cotton fabrics with antibacterial properties were prepared by the treatment with 3,3′4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPTCD) in a combined process of shaking immersion in dyeing machine and pad-dry-cure. Environmentally-benign choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were mainly examined as treatment media instead of using organic solvent. The results revealed that cotton fabrics treated with BPTCD in urea-ChCl DES showed a strong ester carbonyl peak in fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, indicating fixation of BPTCD on cotton cellulose. Detailed characterizations of the BPTCD-treated cotton were carried out by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, dye staining, and evaluation of hydrophilicity and strength. The treated fabrics demonstrated a high level of antibacterial characteristics before and after UV irradiation. This indicated that addition of ChCl could enhance antibacterial activity of cotton before UV irradiation. Therefore, use of ChCl-based DES along with BPTCD incorporation provided environmentally-acceptable and economically-feasible treatment process for preparation of novel antibacterial cotton.