模糊S-拟正规子群

指出了[1]中给出的模糊sylow子群定义的不足,重新定义了模糊sylow子群,在此基础上,定义了模糊S-拟正规子群,并研究了它的一些基本性质,讨论了模糊S-拟正规子群的模糊商群及一些同态性质.     

模糊S-半置换子群的同态性质

基于作者在文[1]中给出的模糊S-半置换子群定义,本文利用既约集合套理论进一步研究了文[1]中的模糊S-半置换子群的一些性质,讨论了相应的同态与同构性质,并且在模糊S-拟正规子群上得到了相应的结论。     

模糊弱S-置换子群

给出了模糊弱S-置换子群的概念,并利用既约集合套给出了模糊弱S-置换子群的等价定义。同时研究了模糊弱S-置换子群的一些性质,并讨论了相应的同态性质。     

群G的反模糊子群

给出一个群G的反模糊子群和正规反模糊子群的概念,这些定义不同于Rosenfeld和吴望名等的定义,本文还讨论了正规反模糊子群的一些性质及模糊商群等。     

(∈,∈∨q(λ,μ))-模糊正规子群

给出(∈,∈∨q(λ,μ))-模糊正规子群的定义,讨论模糊正规子群的一些基本性质。     

模糊S-半置换子群

给出模糊S-半置换子群的概念,并利用既约集合套理论提出模糊S-半置换子群的等价定义。基于本文给出的定义,分析模糊S-半置换子群的一些性质,并对相应的同态性质进行研究。     

（∈,∈Vq（λ,μ））-模糊正规子群

给出（∈,∈Vq（λ,μ））-模糊正规子群的定义，讨论模糊正规子群的一些基本性质。     

有限群的弱S-拟正规嵌入子群

群G的子群H称为在G中S-拟正规嵌入的,如果对于任意的素数p| |H|,H的Sylow p-子群也是G的某个S-拟正规子群的Sylow P-子群.称群G的子群H在G中弱S-拟正规嵌入,如果存在群G的正规子群T,使得HT(△)-G且H∩T在G中是S-拟正规嵌入的.研究了弱S-拟正规嵌入子群的性质,给出了某些群类的新的特征,并推广了一些已知的结论.     

有限群的弱S-拟正规嵌入子群

群G的子群H称为在G中S-拟正规嵌入的,如果对于任意的素数p||H|,H的Sylow p-子群也是G的某个S-拟正规子群的Sylow p-子群.称群G的子群H在G中弱S-拟正规嵌入,如果存在群G的正规子群T,使得HT■G且H∩T在G中是S-拟正规嵌入的.研究了弱S-拟正规嵌入子群的性质,给出了某些群类的新的特征,并推广了一些已知的结论.     

关于smooth正规子群的进一步性质

在文献[1]、[4]中Demirci给出了Smooth群理论,开创了模糊群研究的新方向,文献[5]给出了Smooth正规子群和Smooth商群的定义,本文在此基础上进一步讨论了与Smooth正规子群相关的一些性质.     

Affine-inscribed and affine-circumscribed polygons and polytopes

Five theorems on polygons and polytopes inscribed in (or circumscribed about) a convex compact set in the plane or space are proved by topological methods. In particular, it is proved that for every interior point O of a convex compact set in ℝ³, there exists a two-dimensional section through O circumscribed about an affine image of a regular octagon. It is also proved that every compact convex set in ℝ³ (except the cases listed below) is circumscribed about an affine image of a cube-octahedron (the convex hull of the midpoints of the edges of a cube). Possible exceptions are provided by the bodies containing a parallelogram P and contained in a cylinder with directrix P. Bibliography: 29 titles. Translated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 231, 1995, pp. 286–298. Translated by B. M. Bekker.     

Partitions and pairwise sums and products

A seven cell partition of N is constructed with the property that no infinite set has all of its pairwise sums and products in any one cell. A related Ramsey Theory question is shown to have different answers for two and three cell partitions.     

Linear birth and death models and associated Laguerre and Meixner polynomials

We study birth and death processes with linear rates λ_n = n + α + c + 1, μ_{n + 1} = n + c, n 0 and μ₀ is either zero or c. The spectral measures of both processes are found using generating functions and the integral transforms of Laplace and Stieltjes. The corresponding orthogonal polynomials generalize Laguerre polynomials and the choice μ₀ = c generates the associated Laguerre polynomials of Askey and Wimp. We investigate the orthogonal polynomials in both cases and give alternate proofs of some of the results of Askey and Wimp on the associated Laguerre polynomials. We also identify the spectra of the associated Charlier and Meixner polynomials as zeros of certain transcendental equations.     

Distributive and Multiplication Modules and Rings

We study rings in which every ideal is a finitely generated multiplication right ideal.     

Beliefs and beyond: affect and the teaching and learning of mathematics

The importance of beliefs for the teaching and learning of mathematics is widely recognized among mathematics educators. In this special issue, we explicitly address what we call “beliefs and beyond” to indicate the larger field surrounding beliefs in mathematics education. This is done to broaden the discussion to related concepts (which may not originate in mathematics education) and to consider the interconnectedness of concepts. In particular, we present some new developments at the conceptual level, address different approaches to investigate beliefs, highlight the role of student beliefs in problem-solving activities, and discuss teacher beliefs and their significance for professional development. One specific intention is to consider expertise from colleagues in the fields of educational research and psychology, side by side with perspectives provided by researchers from mathematics education.     

Ritz and harmonic Ritz values and the convergence of FOM and GMRES

The Ritz and harmonic Ritz values are approximate eigenvalues, which can be computed cheaply within the FOM and GMRES Krylov subspace iterative methods for solving non‐symmetric linear systems. They are also the zeros of the residual polynomials of FOM and GMRES, respectively. In this paper we show that the Walker–Zhou interpretation of GMRES enables us to formulate the relation between the harmonic Ritz values and GMRES in the same way as the relation between the Ritz values and FOM. We present an upper bound for the norm of the difference between the matrices from which the Ritz and harmonic Ritz values are computed. The differences between the Ritz and harmonic Ritz values enable us to describe the breakdown of FOM and stagnation of GMRES. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.