水稻线粒体DNA热变性的动力学研究

作为重要的细胞器之一，线粒体有其自身的遗传系统，它不仅有其自身的基因组，也有其独立的转录、翻译系统，甚至其使用的遗传密码也与核基因不同．线粒体DNA（mtDNA）对于线粒体本身的生物发生意义重大，尽管大多数线粒体蛋白是由细胞核基因组编码，但线粒体DNA仍有10％左右的     

自猝灭荧光探针法测定DNA

随着现代分子生物学和分子生物技术的发展，体内重要的遗传物质──脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）越来越引起人们的重视，对于DNA探针的研究也日渐深入．DNA探针作为研究DNA的有力工具，在90年代取得了长足的进展，新的靶扩增技术（PCR）已日臻完善，发光标记探针也已经与放射性同位素标记具有同等重要的地位，而且已应用于DNA杂交研究、疾病诊断和食品微生物检测等方面[1~5]．但是，研究开发新的、灵敏度高的DNA探针仍然是十分迫切和有意义的工作．本文报道了一种新的基于水杨酸、邻氨基苯甲酸荧光自碎灭的DNA探针技术，这对筛选灵敏度高…     

金电极上钴-2,2′-联吡啶的电化学特性及其与生物小分子腺嘌呤的相互作用

近年来，以小分子特别是金属配合物作为探针来研究DNA已引起人们的广泛关注「‘－’j．其中大多使用光谱法，Bard等［‘－’j使用的电化学方法既是一个有效的手段，也是对其它方法的补充［’j．DNA与其它小分子的相互作用有两种方式［’j，一种是外源分子插入DNA分子链的碱基对之间；另一种是外源分子与DNA的核糖一磷酸骨架之间的静电引力作用．为了确认小分子金属配合物与DNA相互作用的方式，我们开展了金属配合物与DNA的重要组成部分碱基的相互作用的研究，以期寻找到金属配合物与DNA作用的确切方式．本文采用金电极研究了钻一2…     

缢蛏线粒体DNA提取方法的比较

分离缢蛏肌肉组织,液氮磨碎后,用3种方法提取线粒体DNA,紫外分光光度法定量．用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和线粒体COI基因PCR扩增产物鉴定所提取的线粒体DNA．结果显示OD260／OD280均在1．69-1．85之间．高盐沉淀法提取的线粒体DNA量最多．     

线粒体特异性检测与调控

线粒体(mitochondria)是一种由双层膜包被的细胞器,存在于大多数细胞中,能够通过位于线粒体内膜上的呼吸链产生能量,被称为细胞的"能量工厂"。此外,线粒体参与到细胞分化、信息传递和细胞凋亡等过程,并调控细胞周期和细胞生长。线粒体的功能障碍与多种人类疾病相关,如帕金森氏病、阿尔兹海默氏病、心血管疾病和某些癌症等。鉴于其在生物体中的重要作用,线粒体一直是科学家们的研究重点。本文就线粒体特异性检测和调控研究的最新进展进行了综述。     

金属有机配合物对DNA的断链作用

过渡金属配合物催化DNA、RNA的断链反应研究是近年来最为活跃的前沿研究领域之一,因某些金属配合物具有核酸酶特异性催化DNA、RNA断链的功能,因而该研究对新型抗肿瘤、抗艾滋病化学药物的定向设计及其基因治疗和分子生物学研究中DNA、RNA的高度专一性定点断裂、染色体图谱分析及DNA定位诱变、基因工程中足迹技术(footprinting)以及DNA构象识别等方面均具有重要意义和应用前景,文献已报道了一些具有断裂DNA、RNA功能的金属配合物,但其中很少有含金属-碳σ键的金属有机化合物,本文首次报道了二茂铁鎓离子三氯乙酸盐和二氯二茂钛对DNA的断链作用。     

线粒体体外代谢热动力学研究

线粒体是细胞重要的细胞器之一，有细胞的“能源工厂”之称．因为线粒体内有许多酶，是特殊的酶催化氧化反应的场所山；所有动、植物细胞的线粒体都能通过各种营养物的氧化而产生“富能”物质ATP．采用一定的技术可将线粒体从细胞中分离出来，分离出来的线粒体中的酶系统还有一定的活性，而且线粒体内也有一定的营养物质，这样酶系统就能利用这些营养物进行代谢，从而释放出一定的能量．我们用微量热法对两种鱼肝脏线粒体进行了测量，发现线粒体代谢过程分四个阶段：停滞期、活性恢复期、稳定期、活性衰减期．在活性恢复期和活性衰减期，…     

量热法研究线粒体代谢的热力学和动力学行为

线粒体是细胞中极为重要的细胞器，是产生细胞所必需的“富能”物质ATP的重要场所，为细胞活动提供所需化学能．在生命体能量代谢过程中除一部分能量用于合成ATP外，其余则以热的形式释出．用精密热量计测出线粒体代谢过程中的热量输出对了解线粒体的功能和代谢机制具有十分重要的意义．用微量热法研究线粒体体外代谢已有一些报导［‘，’］．本工作用精密热量计和差式扫描量热仪侧定了水稻线粒体体外代谢热谱和DSC曲线，计算了水稻线粒体活性增长速率常数，比较了不同保藏时间的水稻线粒体体外代谢的差异，并初步探讨了水稻线粒体在变…     

线粒体中无机物种的探测与线粒体功能的干预

线粒体是细胞内微小的细胞器,它通过产生ATP为细胞运转提供几乎全部所需的能量.线粒体广泛参与信号传导、能量代谢、自噬凋亡等细胞过程,对维持生物体正常生理功能至关重要.同时,其功能损伤也与癌症、阿尔兹海默症等多种疾病的发生和发展密切相关.线粒体功能需要在多种蛋白质和无机物种共同参与下才能完成,所以及时了解这些物种的分布和变化情况对维护线粒体生理功能非常重要.线粒体功能又可利用金属配合物的独特理化性质来进行干预或调控,从而实现预防或治疗疾病的目的.本文以探测线粒体无机物种和调控线粒体功能为主题,综述了近年来我国研究者在该领域取得的一些代表性研究成果,同时提出了发展中存在的问题和面临的挑战.     

钯卟啉室温磷光探针研究更生霉素与DNA相互作用

在分子水平研究抗癌药物与DNA的作用方式,对了解抗癌药物的作用机理极为重要,同时也能为设计新型抗癌药物提供有价值的信息.更生霉素D(ACTD)是目前临床上应用最广泛的的抗癌药物之一,它对恶性淋巴瘤、肾母细胞瘤、绒毛膜上皮癌及恶性葡萄胎等癌症有良好的疗效[1],抗癌活性高.人们研究ACTD与DNA作用的手段有X射线衍射法、凝胶电泳法、吸收光谱、荧光光谱[2]及NMR谱[1]等技术.运用室温磷光光度法研究ACTD抗癌机理未见报道.本文首次借助钯卟啉室温磷光探针研究了在水溶液中ACTD与小牛胸腺DNA的作用机制,同时说明钯卟啉探针可从室温磷光的角度进行DNA及其相关研究.     

蛋白质变性机理与变性时的热力学参数研究进展

生物大分子是近年来生命科学的研究热点和难点之一,而对蛋白质变性的研究有助于深刻揭示生命现象的机理.利用光谱学和热力学可以分别从微观和宏观角度对蛋白质变性进行研究,并由此得到表征蛋白质变性的热力学参数.这对深入了解蛋白质的折叠与伸展、变性机理、结构稳定性及生命体的新陈代谢等问题具有很大意义.近年来,国内外学者在此方面做了大量的工作,主要涉及蛋白质在水溶液中的变性机理、在有变性剂存在下水溶液中的变性机理及在含有其它物质水溶液中的变性机理.用来表征蛋白质变性的热力学参数有热容、变性自由能、变性焓和变性熵等.本文对这些研究进行了概述.     

Thermodynamic characterisation of RNAase a in the presence of urea and GuHCl

It is presented a study concerning the influence of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) and urea on thermal stability of Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease A (RNAase A) at differentpH values. As expected, at increasing the denaturant concentration, the protein thermostability decreases. This is shown by a decrease of both the thermodynamic parameters, temperature and heat effect, characterising the denaturation process. In order to analyse the calorimetric curves we adopt a statistical thermodynamic approach. The individual one-dimensional DSC profiles have been expanded into another dimension by varying the GuHCl concentration, so that a heat capacity surface is defined for eachpH. By means of the ICARUS program, developed in our laboratory, we accomplish a two dimensional deconvolution of the experimental data linking the binding equilibrium to the denaturation process. This analysis provides a well founded and complete statistical thermodynamic characterisation of denaturation process of RNAase A in the presence of GuHCl and allows to calculate the thermodynamic parameters associated to the binding of denaturant molecule.     

Thermal,spectral, and thermodynamic studies for evaluation of calf thymus DNA interaction activity of some copper(II) complexes

The square-pyramidal copper(II) complexes with ciprofloxacin in the presence of bipyridine derivatives have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, magnetic moment measurement, thermal analysis (TG), IR, mass and reflectance spectra. The thermal denaturation study has been used for evaluating calf thymus DNA interaction activity. Spectral and hydrodynamic measurements have been used for validating the DNA interaction study. The thermodynamic profile was established for proper understanding of DNA binding Gibbs free energy.     

Thermodynamics of thermal denaturation of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol

The thermal denaturation of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) and u.v.-visible spectrophotometry in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) at pH  =  5.5 and pH  =  4.0, respectively. The quantitative thermodynamic parameters accompanying the thermal transitions from native to denatured state have been evaluated. The results of the reversible thermal denaturations have been fitted with a two-state native-to-denatured mechanism. A comparison has been made of the relative effect of HFIP on the thermal stability of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c. It has been observed that the denaturation capacity of HFIP tends more towards cytochrome c compared with ribonuclease A. The results have been explained on the basis of a fine balance between the preferential exclusion and binding that take place during the course of the denaturation reaction and the structuring of water around the groups of the protein exposed upon denaturation. Using the thermodynamic data obtained from calorimetric and spectroscopic measurements, we have calculated the changes in preferential solvation of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c upon heat denaturation. It is observed that the preferential solvation of these two proteins is specific, indicating that the solvation mechanism is not the same for them.     

A DSC study of the liquid crystalline phases of salmon sperm DNA

Thermodynamic stabilities of the liquid crystalline (LC) and gel (G) phases of salmon sperm DNA were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The enthalpic and the entropic components of the thermal denaturation free energy are briefly discussed. In order to evaluate the thermodynamic data for the denaturation of the gel (G) phase of DNA and compare it with those for the LC DNA phase, a hypothesis for the thermal denaturation mechanism of G DNA is proposed. A comparison between these two sets of data has shown that DNA in the LC phase is thermally and thermodynamically more stable than in the G phase over the temperature range which was investigated.     

Determination of ligand to DNA binding parameters from two-dimensional DSC curves

The application of the theory of DNA denaturation linked to ligand binding to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a useful tool to simultaneously characterize the energetics of denaturation and binding. Although the general theory is well known, the current DSC-based approaches to study the DNA–ligand interaction do not utilize the full potential of this method. In this paper, we propose the analytical approach for detailed analysis of DNA–ligand interaction from DSC data. The DNA macromolecule is represented as an assembly of cooperative units which melt by two-state model. The explicit account of ligand distribution on polymeric DNA and the temperature dependences of melting and binding constants, as well as of enthalpies, are considered. Such approach enables to extract the binding constant, stoichiometry, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes from multiple excess heat capacity profiles obtained at varying concentrations of the ligand (i.e. two-dimensional DSC curves). The applicability of the developed approach was demonstrated using an example salmon testes DNA–proflavine DSC experiment. The full set of DNA melting and proflavine binding thermodynamic parameters was obtained. Comparison of the proflavine binding parameters obtained from DSC with those determined from alternative experimental methods has proved the usefulness of the DSC method for evaluation of the binding thermodynamics in DNA–ligand system. In addition, the approach developed in the present study, allows to evaluate the concentration dependences of all species in solution as a function of temperature. Analysis of these dependences has enabled to interpret fine effects on the DSC curves of DNA–ligand complexes.     

Microcalorimetric study of thermal unfolding of lysozyme in water/glycerol mixtures: an analysis by solvent exchange model

Folded protein stabilization or destabilization induced by cosolvent in mixed aqueous solutions has been studied by differential scanning microcalorimetry and related to difference in preferential solvation of native and denatured states. In particular, the thermal denaturation of a model system formed by lysozyme dissolved in water in the presence of the stabilizing cosolvent glycerol has been considered. Transition temperatures and enthalpies, heat capacity, and standard free energy changes have been determined when applying a two-state denaturation model to microcalorimetric data. Thermodynamic parameters show an unexpected, not linear, trend as a function of solvent composition; in particular, the lysozyme thermodynamic stability shows a maximum centered at water molar fraction of about 0.6. Using a thermodynamic hydration model based on the exchange equilibrium between glycerol and water molecules from the protein solvation layer to the bulk, the contribution of protein-solvent interactions to the unfolding free energy and the changes of this contribution with solvent composition have been derived. The preferential solvation data indicate that lysozyme unfolding involves an increase in the solvation surface, with a small reduction of the protein-preferential hydration. Moreover, the derived changes in the excess solvation numbers at denaturation show that only few solvent molecules are responsible for the variation of lysozyme stability in relation to the solvent composition.     

荧光法研究抗癌药物更生霉素D与小牛胸腺DNA的作用机理

以溴化乙锭(ethidiumbromide,EB)为荧光探针,研究了更生霉素D(actinomyinD,ACTD)与小牛胸腺DNA(calfthymusDNA,CTDNA,以下简称DNA)的作用机理。对荧光光谱、荧光偏振、Scatchard图、DNA热变性曲线、DNA盐效应曲线等研究表明,ACTD与DNA之间主要存在嵌入和沟槽两种作用,并证明ACTD与DNA磷酸基之间不存在静电作用。