水下水平阵对空中运动声源的线谱探测

由于空气、海水介质声阻抗差异巨大,空中声源辐射的噪声透射入水的能量损失很大,加之水中声源目标的干扰,从水下探测空中声源相对困难。海试数据分析表明,空中高速运动声源噪声透射入水后信号较弱,在频繁存在干扰的水下声场环境中,常规宽带波束形成方法难以生效.针对空中声源普遍存在线谱的特点,首先利用线谱识别、提取与跟踪以及线谱加密技术对水下水平阵接收信号进行线谱分析,再通过剔除强干扰目标的线谱,成功分离出包含空中声源的线谱信号,实现对空中运动声源的探测,最远距离达16.8 km。通过理论和实验数据分析,验证了探测结果的正确性.      

多普勒频移和干涉谱联合的水声目标运动参数估计

常见水中运动目标会辐射连续谱噪声和线谱噪声,连续谱噪声在浅海波导环境中形成明暗相间的干涉条纹。根据干涉条纹可以得到目标最近距离与速度的比值,无法直接解出两个参数值。针对利用干涉条纹无法分别估计最近距离与速度问题,提出一种多普勒频移、干涉条纹结合的运动参数估计方法。根据单条线谱多普勒频移得到最近距离与速度参数耦合曲线,再将该曲线与干涉条纹得到参数比值线相交,交点即为两参数估计结果。数值仿真估计声源运动速度、最近距离,在信噪比6 dB条件下,平均估计误差分别为0.71%与0.87%。将该方法应用在2021年6月大公岛海域海试数据,5组实验数据估计目标运动速度、最近距离平均误差分别为2.5%,4.4%,证明了方法的有效性。     

利用Doppler-warping变换的水下对空运动声源的线谱探测EI北大核心CSCD

提出了一种利用Doppler-warping变换的水下对空运动声源的线谱探测方法。该方法首先利用Doppler-warping变换线性化目标线谱的多普勒相位,再提取线性化后的目标线谱点,结合波束形成算法实现对目标的探测。仿真和海试数据处理结果表明,与直接提取目标线谱实现探测的方法相比,所提出方法有以下几个优势:(1)将目标线谱多普勒相位线性化,线谱跟踪更为稳定连续;(2)将目标线谱频带展宽的能量重新集中到原频率附近,在低信噪比环境下能更好地提取目标线谱;(3)将干扰线谱瞬时频率非线性化,能更好地实现干扰线谱的分离。海试数据处理结果表明,实现了对远至16.8 km处空中运动目标的水下有效探测,探测能力与抗干扰能力明显增强。     

利用辐射噪声多线谱的多普勒进行距离估计

提出了一种利用辐射噪声多线谱的多普勒频移去估计直线匀速运动目标正横距离的方法,这种方法用单水听器进行无源测距,且不需要知道海深和其它环境参数。先用Wigner-Ville分布作为瞬时频率估计器估计出多线谱瞬时频率随时间变化作为一个信号,再定义多普勒频移的基函数,依据一种匹配投影原理,在五维空间中用一种可变步长的搜索策略去寻找该信号与多普勒频移基函数之间的最小空间距离。所找到最小距离的基函数对应于目标距离和速度的估计值。计算机模拟给出不同强度干扰噪声下的测距测速的统计误差。当干扰噪声的标准差为最大多普勒频移的10％及时间窗宽度为1．47倍的参考时宽时,测距相对误差小于5．4％,测速相对误差小于1．4％。对某海上实际目标的距离估计为42 m,速度为52 kn,与实际航行的值相符。此单点无源测距方法可应用于声呐浮标、水雷、水声实验中水声目标的运动分析和水下目标声源级测量。     

拖曳阵被动合成孔径目标深度稳健估计

使用水下无人平台作为载体的拖曳阵进行被动目标深度估计具有灵活性高和隐蔽性好的优点,针对实际应用中存在的平台自噪声和阵列瞬时随机加速度扰动问题,提出了一种稳健的目标深度估计方法。该方法分为三个步骤,首先对阵元接收信号进行自适应噪声抵消和相位抖动滤波,然后对声压进行距离积分实现简正波模态估计,最后计算模态匹配度,最大值对应的深度为目标深度估计结果。仿真表明在干扰背景下该方法的目标深度估计稳健性优于传统方法,声源频率、合成孔径距离和信干比决定了目标深度估计误差。利用实验数据验证了该方法对水下低频线谱声源的深度估计能力。     

基于高分辨谱估计方法的快速运动目标分析*

水下运动目标产生的声场由一系列不同模态的简正波组成,不同模态简正波具有不同的多普勒频率移动,携带了运动目标速度、频率等参数的信息。针对快速运动目标水下辐射声场的这一特点,采用高分辨谱估计Burg算法估计不同模态简正波多普勒频移,进而获得运动目标的速度、频率参数估计。数值仿真结果表明,高分辨谱估计Burg算法获得了高频率分辨率,在较短的观测时间或是阵元不足的情况下,较准确地估计了多普勒频移,获得了目标运动速度和初始频率等运动参数。     

空气中快速运动声源水下声场的波数积分模型

本文采用二维波数积分，对空气中高速运动声源激发的水下声场进行建模。针对二维波数积分计算声场时域解计算量大的问题，提出一种快速计算方法。用本文提出的方法，对深海和浅海情况下，空气中高速运动单频点声源激发的水下声场进行了计算和仿真。计算结果表明：在深海，水下接收信号的幅度和瞬时频率随时间发生变化；接收器深度、接收器与声源运动轨迹的最小距离对接收信号的变化快慢有较大影响，而声源高度的影响较小；在浅海中，接收信号呈现快速的幅度起伏，明显的多普勒频移和大的频率展宽效应。与简正波方法相比，本文方法主要适用于近场计算，而简正波方法适用于远场。另外，当声源频率较高时，二维波数积分方法的计算量将迅速增大。     

利用线谱起伏实现目标测距

常见水中目标辐射噪声的线谱会随目标运动而出现强弱起伏。不同号简正波之间的干涉是目标声强随距离起伏的主要原因,利用简正波水平波数差和波导不变量之间的关系,推导了不同线谱随距离变化起伏的理论关系式。基于此关系式,提出利用两条或多条线谱声强起伏进行声源测距的方法。针对两条线谱起伏测距方法存在的旁瓣问题,解释其形成原因,并提出用多条线谱声强起伏抑制旁瓣。数值仿真验证了方法的可行性,利用多条线谱声强起伏测距的方法可有效抑制旁瓣。海试数据分析表明,当连续谱部分非常微弱无法有效测距时,利用多条线谱声强起伏测距的方法仍能稳定的估计渔船目标距离,估计距离的平均相对误差为12%。      

运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度

针对浅海动态声场,基于简正波模型提出了一种利用运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度的方法。通过合成孔径算法将运动小孔径水平基阵扩展成虚拟的大孔径水平基阵,利用稀疏近似最小方差准则可以在相对较小的合成孔径上估计各阶简正波模态能量,不同深度的模态匹配度由Camberra距离的负指数度量,目标深度估计结果是模态匹配度最大值对应深度。数值仿真与实验结果表明,在简正波声场结构基础上,声源频率越低则实现目标深度估计需要的合成孔径距离越小,当声源与阵列端射方向成一定角度时,对所需合成孔径的影响与其相对速度变化时的影响相同,在典型浅海水平分层波导中,当单阵元输入信噪比为10 dB时,准确估计200 Hz和350 Hz声源的深度,分别要求合成孔径大于12倍和16倍波导深度。利用实验数据验证了该方法对水下低频线谱声源的深度估计能力。      

水下航行器噪声源分布位置估计的瞬时频率变化率算法研究

使用单个传感器实现水下航行器纵向分布噪声源位置的估计。应用传感器接收的多普勒信号瞬时频率变化率具有极值性的特点,通过推导并定义一种时间-频率变化率分布(L-相位分布),给出其有效离散迭代算法,能够提取出多普勒信号的瞬时频率变化率曲线,得到该曲线极值点位置的估计值,并结合水下航行器的航速,可以估计出线谱噪声源在航行器上纵向的分布位置。海试数据给出了105 Hz,220 Hz和500 Hz等三种线谱噪声源的位置估计误差,其定位误差均不超过2.5 m,表明该方法对于中低频率噪声源具有较高的位置估计精度。      

瓦状阻尼橡胶块对高铁车轮减振降噪的影响分析

依据声学测试标准,为了评价某型高铁车轮在安装不同形式橡胶块装置后的减振降噪效果,在半消声室内基于B&K振动噪声测试分析系统,对裸轮和橡胶块车轮开展振动声辐射室内测试实验,并基于有限元方法对车轮模态进行了仿真分析。测试结果可知:相比裸轮,WA、WB车轮模态阻尼比显著增加,车轮的减振效果明显,其中WA车轮的减振效果略优于WB车轮。径向激励下,WA车轮声功率级降低了8 dB(A),WB车轮声功率级降低了5.5 dB(A);轴向激励下,WA车轮声功率级降低了8.2 dB(A),WB车轮声功率级降低了6.2 dB(A)。分析可知橡胶块装置能有效抑制车轮的滚动噪声和曲线啸叫,对车轮的减振降噪有积极作用。     

Reduction of radiated exterior noise from the flexible vibrating plate of a rectangular enclosure using multi-channel active control

This study attempted to control the radiated exterior noise from a rectangular enclosure in which an internal plate vibrates by acoustic excitation and noise is thus radiated from that plate. Multi-channel active control was applied to reduce the vibration and external radiation of this enclosed plate. A piezoelectric ceramic was used as a distributed actuator for multiple mode control of the vibration and radiated noise in the acoustically excited plate. To maximize the effective control, an approach was proposed for attachment the piezoelectric actuator in the optimal location. The plate and internal acoustic space in the enclosure are coupled with each other. This will change dominant frequency characteristics of the plate and, thus, those of the externally radiated noise. Active noise control was accomplished using an accelerometer attached to the plate and a microphone placed adjacent to that plate as an error sensor under acoustic excitation of sine wave and white noise. It was found that the control of radiated external radiation noise requires a microphone as an error sensor, a sound pressure sensor due to vibration of the plate, differences in the dominant frequency of externally radiated noise, and complex vibration modes of the plate.     

复式降噪块地铁车轮减振降噪特性

为探究一种复式降噪块装置及其组合形式对某S型辐板地铁车轮的减振降噪效果和机理,在半消声室内,分别对1种自由状态下的标准车轮和3种形式的复式降噪块车轮开展振动声辐射特性及阻尼特性试验,并通过有限元建模对其进行了模态计算。结果表明：复式降噪块装置可在全频段内提高车轮阻尼比,并对车轮各部位有良好的减振效果,以轮辋和踏面的减振效果最为显著;其中,6个制振阻尼片形式的降噪块对车轮的降噪效果最显著,径向激励下的降噪量为13.1dB(A),轴向激励下的降噪量为11.1dB(A),降噪频段主要集中在1000Hz以上中高频。该文研究结果是对列车降噪研究领域的补充和发展。     

Vibro-acoustic propagation of gear dynamics in a gear-bearing-housing system

This work developed a computational process to predict noise radiation from gearboxes. It developed a system-level vibro-acoustic model of an actual gearbox, including gears, bearings, shafts, and housing structure, and compared the results to experiments. The meshing action of gear teeth causes vibrations to propagate through shafts and bearings to the housing radiating noise. The vibration excitation from the gear mesh and the system response were predicted using finite element and lumped-parameter models. From these results, the radiated noise was calculated using a boundary element model of the housing. Experimental vibration and noise measurements from the gearbox confirmed the computational predictions. The developed tool was used to investigate the influence of standard rolling element and modified journal bearings on gearbox radiated noise.     

Acoustic noise simulation and measurement of a gradient insert in a 4 T MRI

High speed switching of current in gradient coils within high magnetic field strength magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners results in high acoustic sound pressure levels (SPL) in and around these machines. Many studies have already been conducted to characterize the sound field in and around MRIs and various methods have been investigated to attenuate the noise generated. In the work presented here a computational vibro-acoustic model was developed based on an iteratively modified and validated finite element (FE) model to characterize the acoustic noise properties of the gradient coil. The simulation results from the computational model were verified through experimental noise measurement for the gradient coil insert in a 4 T MRI scanner by using swept sinusoidal time waveform inputs. Comparisons show that the computational model predicts the noise characteristic properties extremely accurately. There are three dominant frequency bands where the SPL is much higher than those at other frequencies. The SPL in the horizontal direction is much higher than that in the vertical direction due to the excitation to the horizontally placed X coil. The SPL to the inner surface of the coil is higher than far from the inner surface, which proves that the acoustic noise is radiated from the inner surface and primarily caused by the normal vibration of the inner surface. Further verification was conducted by using two types of trapezoidal sequence inputs usually used, which is to simulate real scanning sequences for small animals. Again the accuracy of the developed model is verified. The validated acoustic computational model could be used as an effective method to predict the noise that would be produced by a coil in the design stage. Modification of the structural design or the excitation pulse could be performed to reduce the acoustic noise when the gradient coil is in scanning.     

Effects of internal mass distribution and its isolation on the acoustic characteristics of a submerged hull

The primary aim of machinery isolation in marine vessels is to isolate structural vibration of the onboard machinery from the hull and to reduce far-field radiation of underwater noise. A substantial proportion of the total submarine mass is on flexible mounts that isolate supported masses from the hull at frequencies above the mounting system resonant frequency. This reduces the dynamically effective mass of the hull and affects the signature of the marine vessel due to propeller excitation. A fully coupled finite element/boundary element (FE/BE) model has been developed to investigate the effect of mass distribution and isolation in a submerged hull. The finite element model of the structure includes internal structures to represent the machinery and other flexibly mounted components. Changes in the radiated sound power demonstrate the effect of machinery isolation on the acoustic signature of the submerged hull due to the external propeller forces. Results are also presented to show how the arrangement of flexible mounts for a large internal structure can influence the radiation due to machinery forces.     

用于汽车压缩机振动噪声控制的声子晶体设计与试验*

针对汽车压缩机低频振动噪声控制难的问题,基于局域共振机理在压缩机外壳设计一种声子晶体结构。借助有限元法,计算声子晶体带隙范围,阐明声子晶体结构参数与在压缩机外壳布置方式选取原因,分析其具备的优势。而后,定制各部分材料组装声子晶体实体并布置于压缩机外壳后端面,搭建压缩机振动噪声台架试验台,选取4个声学场点采集辐射噪声,并记录压缩机本体振动变化情况。进一步,选取某型号汽车搭建压缩机整车振动噪声试验台,在驾驶员座椅右侧靠近人耳处设置声学麦克风采集驾驶室内辐射噪声,并记录压缩机本体振动变化情况。试验结果表明,压缩机外壳安装声子晶体后,在声子晶体带隙频率范围对应转速内,台架与整车试验测得总辐射噪声与压缩机本体各向振动加速度RMS值基本存在改善,且部分转速范围效果显著。本文为汽车压缩机低频振动噪声控制研究提供了新的参考。     

Ventilation duct with concurrent acoustic feed-forward and decentralised structural feedback active control

This paper presents theoretical and experimental work on concurrent active noise and vibration control for a ventilation duct. The active noise control system is used to reduce the air-borne noise radiated via the duct outlet whereas the active vibration control system is used to both reduce the structure-borne noise radiated by the duct wall and to minimise the structural feed-through effect that reduces the effectiveness of the active noise control system. An elemental model based on structural mobility functions and acoustic impedance functions has been developed to investigate the principal effects and limitations of feed-forward active noise control and decentralised velocity feedback vibration control. The principal simulation results have been contrasted and validated with measurements taken on a laboratory duct set-up, equipped with an active noise control system and a decentralised vibration control system. Both simulations and experimental results show that the air-borne noise radiated from the duct outlet can be significantly attenuated using the feed-forward active noise control. In the presence of structure-borne noise the performance of the active noise control system is impaired by a structure-borne feed-through effect. Also the sound radiation from the duct wall is increased. In this case, if the active noise control is combined with a concurrent active vibration control system, the sound radiation by the duct outlet is further reduced and the sound radiation from the duct wall at low frequencies reduces noticeably.     

阻尼贴片式高速列车车轮振动声辐射试验分析

为了研究辐板不同阻尼贴片装置对高速列车车轮的减振降噪效果,在半消声室内进行标准车轮与阻尼贴片式车轮自由状态下的振动声辐射试验研究,并基于有限元法对车轮模态进行了仿真计算。研究结果表明：施加辐板阻尼贴片后,两种阻尼贴片车轮的固有频率与标准车轮相比变化不大,但对于频率在1600Hz以上各阶模态阻尼比显著增加。径向与轴向激励下的降噪效果均达到10dB(A)以上,可见两种阻尼贴片装置均具有良好的降噪效果。其中在多了0.3mm铝合金薄板的情况下,W2车轮的降噪效果要略优于W1车轮,轴向激励下更加明显。     

轨道交通箱型梁腔室结构的减振降噪研究

轨道交通箱型梁在列车荷载作用下产生的低频振动与噪声对人体健康危害很大,针对箱型梁的减振降噪研究具有重要意义。将有限元振动分析理论与声辐射分析边界元法相结合,计算列车荷载作用下箱型梁的结构噪声,并对比分析不同的腔室结构对箱型梁结构噪声辐射的影响。计算结果表明:箱型梁场点结构噪声的辐射受振动水平影响较大;对于不同的腔室结构的箱型梁,跨中场点的最大线性声压级从大到小依次为单箱单室、单箱双室、单箱三室、双箱单室箱型梁;箱型梁采用双箱单室结构形式最有利于结构噪声的控制,且随辐射距离的增加,噪声辐射衰减越快;降低翼缘和腹板振动水平能够有效降低箱型梁结构噪声。分析结果可为城市轨道交通箱型梁的结构减振降噪设计提供一定的理论参考。