软骨藻酸作用蛋白质的亲和毛细管电泳筛选北大核心CSCD

基于亲和毛细管电泳,定性比较了血浆、肠道及细胞线粒体中所选的9种重要功能蛋白质与神经毒性生物毒素——软骨藻酸(domoic acid,DA)的相互作用。以DA淌度比变化量ΔM与蛋白质浓度L作图,根据斜率值大小可比较DA与蛋白质作用的相对强弱。结果如下:可与DA相互作用的有6种蛋白质,作用强弱为:人凝血酶>细胞色素C≈胰蛋白酶≈免疫球蛋白E(Ig E)≈核糖核酸酶A>λ核酸外切酶;而铁蛋白、转铁蛋白、凝集素与DA未表现出相互作用和亲和力。实验表明,亲和毛细管电泳具有高效、快速、所需样品量低的优点,可用于DA作用靶蛋白的筛选,为DA的毒性机制研究和毒性防护提供基础信息。     

α-干扰素的液相色谱/毛细管电泳两维分离分析

用亲和色谱/反相色谱、亲和色谱/毛细管电泳和凝胶色谱/毛细管电泳等两维系统, 对白细胞提取液中的α-干扰素进行分离分析, 并对结果进行比较,充分肯定了亲和色谱/毛细管电泳联用在蛋白质类药物制备纯化中的显著作用,以及毛细管电泳作为此类药物分析工具的可能性。     

亲和毛细管电泳技术在蛋白质-DNA相互作用研究中的应用

蛋白质-DNA的相互作用在决定细胞命运的许多过程中发挥重要作用,对蛋白质-DNA相互作用的分子机制研究有利于对基本生命过程的理解,为相关疾病的临床治疗及药物筛选提供理论指导。另一方面,利用一些已知的蛋白质-DNA相互作用可以帮助开发先进的生物工程和生命分析技术,为相关研究提供有力的技术支持。因此,建立灵敏、快速的分析方法用于表征蛋白质-DNA的相互作用十分重要。高效毛细管电泳（capillary electrophoresis,CE）技术因其超高的分离效率、极低的样品消耗与较短的分析时间等优势被广泛应用于化学、生命科学和环境科学等多个研究领域。其中,亲和毛细管电泳（affinity capillary electrophoresis,ACE）技术已经成为考察分子间相互作用的重要研究工具。这篇文章综述了亲和毛细管电泳技术自建立以来在蛋白质-DNA相互作用分析方面的研究进展,并对经典的研究工作进行了着重介绍,主要包括三方面的内容：（1）亲和毛细管电泳技术简介;（2）利用亲和毛细管电泳技术进行蛋白质-DNA相互作用的基础分子机制研究;（3）利用已知的蛋白质-DNA相互作用发展针对目标分子及目标反应的亲和毛细管电泳检测技术。本文还对该领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望与探讨,提出应从以下两个方面增强亲和毛细管电泳技术的分析能力：（1）充分发挥CE技术样品消耗少和高通量等优势,分别发展针对少量珍贵生物样品的高灵敏检测方法和针对大量未知因素的高通量筛选方法;（2）结合DNA测序及质谱技术快速筛选、鉴定未知的蛋白质-DNA相互作用的精确靶点。     

毛细管电泳法评价细胞色素c与单链脱氧核糖核酸库的相互作用

以细胞色素c(Cyt c)为碱性蛋白质模型,建立了毛细管电泳评价Cyt c与3种不同链长的单链脱氧核糖核酸(ssDNA)库相互作用的评价方法,研究了离子强度对Cyt c与ssDNA库相互作用的影响。比较了Cyt c与含有20、40和60个随机碱基序列的3种不同链长的ssDNA库的作用及基于未涂层毛细管和涂层毛细管的毛细管区带电泳方法。因碱性蛋白质在未涂层毛细管管壁上存在吸附,因此利用未涂层毛细管区带电泳不能区别3种ssDNA库与其作用的差异。利用涂层毛细管电泳法,在压力辅助的反向电压下,根据游离ssDNA库的峰面积变化可比较3种ssDNA库与细胞色素c的相互作用差异。结果表明,含有20个随机寡核苷酸链长的ssDNA库与Cty c的作用最强。此外,NaCl浓度显著影响Cyt c与ssDNA60库的作用。在优化的实验条件下,0.02 mol/L NaCl有利于两者的相互作用。调节盐浓度可抑制非特异性静电作用,能提高碱性蛋白质适配体的单轮筛选效率。利用未涂层毛细管电泳分析复合物及游离ssDNA库的峰面积变化,可优化有利复合物形成的盐浓度。     

毛细管电泳法表征离子液体与蛋白质的相互作用

基于毛细管区带电泳考察了不同离子液体的阳离子母核、烷基侧链碳原子数目和阴离子组成对牛血清白蛋白的影响,以及离子液体[C4mim]BF4与肌红蛋白、牛血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、牛凝血酶和转铁蛋白之间的相互作用。利用亲和毛细管电泳法比较了[C4mim]BF4与上述蛋白之间的相互作用,并计算得到结合常数Kb分别为1.24×107 L/mol,1.23×106 L/mol,5.75×104 L/mol和5.60×104 L/mol。结果表明,转铁蛋白、血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、牛血清白蛋白与离子液体的相互作用依次减弱,存在1～2个数量级的差异。结合毛细管区带电泳和亲和毛细管电泳模式可实现离子液体与多种蛋白质相互作用的定性与定量表征。     

毛细管电泳药物筛选方法与技术

毛细管电泳（CE）在新药研发领域显示着重要的应用前景。CE使用水溶液介质作为实验体系,保证了药物筛选在类似于生命介质的环境中进行,优于其他传统体外仪器筛选方法。除了维持被筛选分子和作用对象的生物活性外,CE筛选过程着重突出配体与受体之间的相互作用。毛细管电泳药物筛选瞄准与药理学理论相关的重要参数,如结合常数K_b 、结合速率常数K_on 和解离速率常数K_off ,有利于模拟并预测机体内靶标与药物之间的相互作用过程。该文回顾了毛细管电泳进行药物筛选的历史,评述了毛细管电泳药物筛选方法所依据的理论和相对成熟的各种常用方法,并抽取了部分典型实例以及相关技术进行说明,对以亲和毛细管电泳、动力学毛细管电泳为手段的药物筛选方法进行了介绍,包括分子和细胞层次的药物筛选,以及针对不同类型的候选药物的研究工作都有提及。毛细管电泳与多种技术的联用,包括与质谱以及化学发光等联用发挥了更大的效能。联用方法还应用于中药有效成分的筛选。毛细管电泳在DNA编码化合物库筛选中将有良好应用前景。馏分收集的发展为筛选药物提供了广阔前景,它配合指数富集配体系统进化技术为毛细管电泳药物筛选提供了更多可能。总之,毛细管电泳多样可选的药物筛选方法和技术将为新概念的药物筛选与药物评价提供有力支撑。     

亲和毛细管电泳法和荧光法研究氟喹诺酮类药物与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

分别采用亲和毛细管电泳法和荧光法对6种氟喹诺酮类药物(司帕沙星、洛美沙星、左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、培氟沙星和氟罗沙星)与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用进行考察. 结合比均为1∶1, 结合常数在104 L/mol量级, 热力学参数表明体系间的相互作用力以范德华作用力和氢键力为主. 另外, 亲和毛细管电泳实验结果表明, 缓冲溶液pH值和离子强度增大会造成结合常数在一定程度上的减小, 使相互作用减弱. 同时, 荧光猝灭实验结合紫外光谱扫描说明体系间为静态猝灭. 所得到的数据对进一步研究氟喹诺酮类药物的作用机理、提高药效和开发新一代氟喹诺酮类药物具有一定的参考意义.     

一种研究生物大分子与其小分子配基相互作用的毛细管电泳新方法

建立了一种定量研究大分子与小分子间相互作用的毛细管电泳新方法,即在线微透 析三电极系统亲和毛细管电泳法。本法可测定小分子的自由浓度而不受蛋白质大分子的干 扰。详细介绍了实验装置的制作,探讨了进样机制。作为实例,研究了生理条件下ｐＨ７．４, ５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸介质中,牛血清白蛋白与磺胺甲基异噁唑、Ｌ－色氨酸、Ｄ－色氨酸的亲和常数的 测定,其值分别为５．８×１０~ ４Ｌ／ｍｏｌ, ２．３ ×１０~４Ｌ／ｍｏｌ, １．７７×１０~３Ｌ／ｍｏｌ。本法较简便,能在生理环 境下测定,样品用量亦少。     

毛细管电泳法研究牛血清白蛋白与盐酸异丙肾上腺素的相互作用

本研究分别采用区段-区段动力学毛细管电泳法(Plug-Plug Kinetic Capillary Electrophoresis,ppKCE),及以药物为添加剂的亲和毛细管电泳法(Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis,ACE)对盐酸异丙肾上腺素(Hydrochloric Acid Isoproterenol,HAI)与牛血清白蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin,BSA)的结合作用进行研究。实验结果显示,ppKCE法可同时测得HAI与BSA相互作用体系的结合速率常数kon和离解速率常数koff分别为163.60L·mol-1·s-1、3.50×10-2±0.95×10-2s-1(n=3)。ppKCE法和ACE法测得HAI与BSA的结合常数Kb分别为4.67×103 L·mol-1、6.02×103 L·mol-1,两种方法所得结果能够较好吻合。证明毛细管电泳法在药物-蛋白相互作用研究领域的可靠性,可用于测定药物与蛋白的相互作用,从而用于新药筛选研究。     

动平衡毛细管电泳的研究进展

动平衡毛细管电泳(KCE)是一种既能测定配受体间相互作用热力学参数、还可获得配受体间动力学参数的新方法.本文对动平衡毛细管电泳的发展历史、作用模式和原理,以及动平衡毛细管电泳目前存在的一些问题进行了评述.     

Size separation of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis with cationic hitchhiking

The paper describes a method of size separation of proteins by capillary sieving electrophoresis with cationic surfactant. Proteins are separated within 12 min with repeatability of migration times better than 0.2%. Some proteins achieve the separation efficiency of 200,000 theoretical plates. The method can be used for determination of protein relative molecular masses. The accuracy of the determined relative molecular masses and the limitation of the method were investigated by the analysis of more than 60 proteins. The method also allows separation of protein oligomers. Proteins can be quantitated after the electrokinetic injection in the concentration range 0.07-0.43?g/L. The average detection limit is about 2?mg/L.     

Determination of the binding parameters for antithrombin-heparin fragment systems by affinity and frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis

The suitability of affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE) for binding constant determination was investigated for complexes between heparin fragments and antithrombin III, one of the main target proteins in the coagulation cascade. In a 100 mM ionic strength phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), ACE was suitable to determine weak to medium interactions developed by short oligomeric heparin fragments, but it failed for decasaccharide, which presents a more complex irreversible interaction. However FACCE allowed evaluating the binding constant for these longer oligomeric fragments. Both experimental approaches were complementary for a wide variety of heparinic fragments.     

Application of a green fluorescent fusion protein to study protein-protein interactions by electrophoretic methods

A screening procedure for protein-protein interactions in cellular extracts using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) was established. GFP was fused as a fluorescent indicator to the C-terminus of a cyclophilin (rDmCyp20) from Drosophila melanogaster. Cyclophilins (Cyps) belong to the ubiquitously distributed enzyme family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPlases) and are well known as cellular targets of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA). The PPlase activity of the GFP fused rDmCyp20 as well as the high affinity to CsA remain intact. Using native gel electrophoresis and ACE mobility-shift assays, it was demonstrated that the known moderate affinity of Cyp20 to the capsid protein p24 of HIV-1 was detectable in the case of rDmCyp20 fused to the fluorescent tag. For the p24 / rDmCyp20-GFP binding an ACE method was established which allowed to determine a dissociation constant of Kd = 20+/-1.5 x 10(-6) M. This result was verified by size-exclusion chromatography and is in good agreement with published data for the nonfused protein. Moreover the fusion protein was utilized to screen rDmCyp20-protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis in biological matrices. A putative ligand of rDmCyp20 in crude extracts of embryonic D. melanogaster was discovered by mobility-shift assays using native gel electrophoresis with fluorescence imaging and ACE with laser-induced fluorescence detection. The approach seems applicable to a wide range of proteins and offers new opportunities to screen for moderate protein-protein interactions in biological samples.     

Partial-filling affinity capillary electrophoresis and quartz crystal microbalance with adsorption energy distribution calculations in the study of biomolecular interactions with apolipoprotein E as interaction partner

Adsorption energy distribution (AED) calculations were successfully applied to partial-filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (PF-ACE) to facilitate more detailed studies of biomolecular interactions. PF-ACE with AED calculations was employed to study the interactions between two isoforms of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and dermatan sulfate (DS), and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used in combination with AED calculations to examine the interactions of the 15-amino-acid peptide fragment of apoE with DS. The heterogeneity of the interactions was elucidated. Microscale thermophoresis was used to validate the results. The interactions studied are of interest because, in vivo, apolipoprotein E localizes on DS-containing regions in the extracellular matrix of human vascular subendothelium. Two-site binding was demonstrated for the isoform apoE3 and DS, but only one-site binding for apoE2–DS. Comparable affinity constants were obtained for the apoE2–DS, apoE3–D3, and 15-amino-acid peptide of apoE–DS using the three techniques. The results show that combining AED calculations with modern biosensing techniques can open up another dimension in studies on the heterogeneity and affinity constants of biological molecules.     

Evaluation of interactions between RAW264.7 macrophages and small molecules by capillary electrophoresis

In this study, the affinity interactions between RAW 264.7 macrophages and three small molecules including naringin, oleuropein and paeoniflorin were evaluated by affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), partial filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (PFACE) and frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FACE), respectively. The result indicated that ACE (varying concentrations of cell suspension were filled in the capillary as receptor) may not be suitable for the evaluation of interactions between cell and small molecules due to the high viscosity of cell suspension; PFACE can qualitatively evaluate the interaction, but the difference in viscosity between RAW264.7 suspension and buffer effects on the liner relationship between filling length and injection time, which makes the calculation of binding constant difficult. Furthermore, based on the PFACE results, naringin showed stronger interaction with macrophages than the other two molecules; taking advantage of the aggregation phenomenon of cell induced by electric field, FACE was successfully used to determine the stoichiometry (n = 5×10⁹) and binding constant (K_b = 1×10⁴ L/mol) of the interaction between RAW264.7 and naringin.     

Partial-filling affinity capillary electrophoresis

Partial-filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (PFACE) is used to examine the binding interactions between two model biological systems: D-Ala-D-Ala terminus peptides to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin (Van) from Streptomyces orientalis, and arylsulfonamides to carbonic anhydrase B (CAB, EC 4.2.1.1, bovine erythrocytes). Using these two systems, modifications in the PFACE technique are demonstrated including flow-through PFACE (FTPFACE), competitive flow-through PFACE (CFTPFACE), on-column ligand synthesis PFACE (OCLSPFACE), and multiple-step ligand injection PFACE (MSLIPFACE). In PFACE small plugs of sample are injected into the capillary column and an equilibrium is established between receptor and ligand during electrophoresis. Binding constants are then obtained by Scatchard analysis using changes in the migration time of the receptor/ligand on changing the concentration of the ligand/receptor. Data demonstrating the quantitative potential of these methods are presented. This review focuses on the unique capabilities of the different PFACE techniques as applied to two model biological systems.     

Size-based separations of proteins by capillary electrophoresis using linear polyacrylamide as a sieving medium: model studies and analysis of cider proteins

Electrophoretic conditions to separate sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-protein complexes according to their relative molecular mass by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using linear polyacrylamide as a sieving matrix were examined. Five purified proteins with relative molecular masses between 14 400 and 66 200 Da were separated on a coated fused-silica capillary with an internal diameter of 100 microm and an effective length of 24 cm (total length, 32.5 cm). Benzoic acid was added to the solution of purified proteins as internal standard; beta-mercaptoethanol was also added as reducing agent. The running buffer composition was 0.05 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), 0.035 M aspartic acid, 0.1% m/v SDS, 4% m/v acrylamide, the resulting pH being 8.0. The applied voltage was 7 kV (reversed voltage polarity) in order to avoid high current intensities. Under optimized conditions, the five proteins were separated in less than 15 min, with a % relative standard deviation (RSD) between 0.2 and 0.4 for migration times in the same day. Good efficiency (values between 150 000 and 40 000 N/m) and resolution (values between 2 and 2.8) were obtained. The inverse of relative migration times was found to correlate with the logarithm of their relative molecular mass. Finally, cider proteins were analyzed and their relative molecular masses were determined. These results were compared with those obtained by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).     

Optimization of affinity capillary electrophoresis for routine investigations of protein–metal ion interactions

To facilitate the implementation of affinity capillary electrophoresis into routine binding screening studies of proteins with metal ions, method acceleration, transfer and precision improvement were investigated. Affinity capillary electrophoresis was accelerated by using shorter capillaries, employing lower sample concentrations and smaller injection volumes. Intra‐ and inter‐instrument method transfers were investigated considering the temperature setting of the capillary cooling system. For intra‐instrument method transfer, similar results were obtained when transferring a method from a long (62 cm) to a short (31 cm) capillary. The analysis time was reduced from 9 to 4 min. In case of inter‐instrument method transfer, interaction results showed small variation on the capillary electrophoresis instrument with inefficient capillary cooling system. Binding measurement precision was enhanced by slightly pushing the sample above the beginning of the capillary. Changing the buffer vials after each 30 runs and employing extra flushing after each 60 subsequent runs further enhanced the precision. The use of 0.1 molar ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in the rinsing solution successfully desorbs the remaining metal ions from the capillary wall. Excellent precision for apparent mobility ratio measurements was achieved for different protein–metal ion interactions (relative standard deviation of 0.16–0.89%, 15 series, 12 runs for each).     

Interaction of E6 Gene from Human Papilloma Virus 16 (HPV-16) with CdS Quantum Dots

The aim of this study was to analyze the interactions of blue and yellow fluorescent CdS quantum dots (CdS-QDs) with human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) oncogene E6. The interactions were investigated using chip capillary electrophoresis, spectrophotometry and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Using chip capillary electrophoresis we proved that blue fluorescent CdS-QDs (0.5 mM) caused an increase of the migration time of the E6 HPV-16 DNA–CdS-QDs complex by 42 s compared to control DNA (E6 HPV-16). The same concentration of yellow fluorescent CdS-QDs caused an increase in the migration time of the DNA–CdS-QDs complex by 108 s compared to the control DNA (E6 HPV-16). The difference in the migration times between both complexes was 66 s. Using square wave voltammetry (SWV), the reduction signal of cytosine and adenine (peak CA) was observed, after the complex with 2.5 µg mL^?1 DNA was formed. A decrease of the peak CA reduction signal of the complex DNA–CdS-QDs by 90 % was caused when yellow fluorescent CdS-QDs (0.03 mM) were used. The same concentration of blue fluorescent CdS-QDs caused only a 50 % decrease of the C and A reduction signal of the DNA–CdS-QDs complex. The difference between both CdS-QDs was 40 %. Electrochemical measurements and chip electrophoresis analyses confirmed that the yellow fluorescent CdS-QDs show higher affinity to the DNA (E6 HPV-16) compared to blue ones.