中药不良反应与铅,镉含量关系研究

测定了近９０种中药中铅、镉含量，并对９各占药中铅、镉含量与其不良反应关系进行了探讨，结果表明，铅、镉对人体的毒害作用与中药的中毒副反应有许多相似之处，应引起注意。     

ICP-MS测定铅作业工人血铅含量

建立血中铅含量的测定方法.采用ICP-MS测定铅作业工人血中铅的含量.结果表明所建方法灵敏、精确、快速、线性范围宽,可用于血中铅的含量测定.铅作业工人血铅含量与血锌原卟啉含量有相关性(P0.05),为血铅含量的测定及职业铅中毒的安全防控提供实验数据.     

不同环境蔬菜中铅污染的研究

用原子吸收分光光度计石墨炉法分析了公路附近的蔬菜中铅的含量。结果表明,蔬菜中铅的含量还与其距离公路的远近有关,蔬菜与空气接触程度也有关;不同种类蔬菜中的铅污染有差异。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测大沂河水体的重金属含量

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了山东省曲阜市大沂河水体的重金属铜、铅、镉、锌含量。结果表明,大沂河水体中铜、铅、镉、锌的最高含量分别为0.018,0.230,0.176,0.490mg/L,其中铅和镉的含量超过国家Ⅴ类水标准。     

铅对人体内分泌系统的影响

体内铅负荷增高可对某些激素 ,如甲状腺激素和肾上腺皮质激素的产生及其代谢产生影响。崔金山测定了沈阳某蓄电池厂铅作业工人的血中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4 )、促甲状腺素 (TSH)及尿铅、尿δ ALA水平 ,发现铅吸收组和铅中毒组工人血中FT3和FT4 含量明显低于对照组和铅接触组 (P <0 0 1 ) ,铅中毒组工人血中TSH含量显著升高。铅作业工人的这些指标均与尿铅及尿δ ALA水平呈显著相关关系 (P <0 0 1 )。铅致甲状腺功能下降的机制可能是铅损伤了甲状腺腺泡 ,使其分泌功能受损 ,也可能是铅抑制了摄碘…     

海南产与市售六种中药材中重金属含量的比较研究

用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了海南产与市售六种中药材中 (益智、槟榔、胡椒、广藿香、丁香及肉豆蔻 )的铜、铅、镉含量 ,用氢化物原子荧光法测定了其中砷、汞含量。通过对海南与市售六种中药材中铜、铅、镉、砷及汞五种重金属元素含量的比较研究 ,说明海南生态环境优良 ,是实现中药材GAP种植 ,生产绿色中药材的最佳环境     

X射线衍射法快速测定矿产品中的主要物相和主元素含量

采用X射线衍射法(XRD)分析铜精矿、铅精矿、锌精矿和氧化皮中的主要物相,利用TOPAS软件测定矿产品的主要元素含量。铜精矿的主要物相为黄铜矿、黄铁矿和石英,铅精矿主要物相为方铅矿、铅矾和白铅矿,锌精矿主要物相为闪锌矿,氧化皮的主要物相为氧化亚铁、四氧化三铁和三氧化二铁。通过TOPAS软件对XRD图谱进行拟合,测定铜精矿中铜的含量、铅精矿中铅的含量、锌精矿中锌的含量和氧化皮中铁的含量,分析结果与标准法测定结果基本一致。     

脑卒中患者血清中钙镁镉铅铍含量的观察

对１１０例脑卒中患者与正常对照组血清中钙、镁、镉、铅、铍的含量比较。研究结果揭示：血清铍的含量升高，血清钙、镉、铅的含量降低，血清镁的含量两者之间无显著性差异，Ｐ〉０．０５。     

治疗冠心病中药的微量元素测定

对治疗冠心病中药丹参、降香、红花、茯苓及复方丹参注射液中铜、锌、铅、镉的含量 进行了测定。结果表明,其中必需微量元素铜、锌含量均比有害元素铅、镉的含量要高出1－2个数量级,其铜／锌比值与正常人血清铜／锌比值能较好地吻合,镉／锌比值较低。     

金华地区饲料中铅、镉的检测

通过对金华地区多家饲料生产厂家所生产的饲料进行抽样调查,利用原子吸收分光光度计测定了饲料中铅、镉的含量。结果表明,所测饲料原料样品中,铅、镉的含量完全符合国家标准规定,合格率100%;铅、镉含量分别在0.005~0.157 mg/kg和0.06~0.104 mg/kg范围内,铅含量最高的是玉米为0.157 mg/kg,最低的是蚕豆为0.005 mg/kg;镉含量最高的是骨粉为0.104 mg/kg,最低的是豌豆和蚕豆为0.006 mg/kg。金华市饲料中铅、镉含量符合国家饲料卫生标准,可以安全喂养牲畜。     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan

The present study was conducted to investigate heavy metal (Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd) concentrations of drinking water (surface water and groundwater) samples in Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Furthermore, the study aimed to ascertain potential health risk of heavy metal (HM) concentrations to local population. HM concentrations were analyzed by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, AAS-PEA-700) and were compared with permissible limits set by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO). Based on HM concentrations the health risk assessment like chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated. The values for CDI were found in the order of Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd > Co and the values of HQ were < 1 for all HM in drinking water samples indicating no health risk. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis like one-way ANOVA, inter-metal correlation, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that geogenic and anthropogenic activities were major sources of water contamination in Kohistan region.     

Potential hazards and health assessment associated with different water uses in the main industrial cities of Egypt

Deterioration of water quality has become an ecological threat in many industrial areas worldwide due to unmanaged anthropogenic activities. Contaminants therein find out their ways to drinking water-pipes via broken or leak old- pipes. The current study aims at evaluating the suitability of tap water, collected from the main-ten-industrial cities of Egypt, for drinking purposes. Shallow and deep ground waters were also sampled from the same locations. This is one of the few research projects that are interested in quantifying the acrylamide in drinking water. The obtained results indicate that concentrations of COD, BOD, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg were within the permissible levels in tap water while surpassed these levels in both shallow and deep ground waters. Acrylamide levels did not exceed the acceptable levels in all water samples (drinking, surface and deep ground waters). Overall, no potential risks were associated with the oral ingestion of tap water in all studied locations for both adults and children (all hazard quotient (HQ) values, defined as exposure intake dose of contaminants relative to the maximum permissible daily intake dose were below “1″). However, inorganic pollutants that exist in ground waters may cause undesirable dermal impacts when used for irrigating the green areas in these cities (used for picnics and as playgrounds). In this context, most HQ values associated with ground water dermal contact were above “1”. Specifically, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd hazards exist for children (HQ > 1) while Ni, Pb and Cd toxicity detected for adults. This result; therefore, highlights the indirect negative impacts of industrialization on human health.     

南昌大学（北区）饮用水中As,Se,Hg,Zn,Fe等无机元素的研究

从南昌大学和水的Ａｓ、Ｈｇ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｓｅ、Ｚｎ等１０种无机元素的测定研究入手，论述了这些无机元素与人体的关系。并将南昌大学的饮用水和南昌市市区饮用水与生活用水水质标准进行对比，证明南昌大学的饮用水并未污染。     

Solid phase extraction and diffusive gradients in thin films techniques for determination of total and labile concentrations of Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) in Black Sea water

Total dissolved and labile concentrations of Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) were determined at six locations of the Bourgas Gulf of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Solid phase extraction procedure based on monodisperse, submicrometer silica spheres modified with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane followed by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was developed and applied to quantify the total dissolved metal concentrations in sea water. Quantitative sorption of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb was achieved in the pH range 7.5–8, for 30?min, adsorbed elements were easily eluted with 2?mL 2?mol?L^?1 HNO₃. Since the optimal pH for quantitative sorption coincides with typical pH of Black Sea water (7.9–8.2), on-site pre-concentration of the analytes without any additional treatment was possible. Detection limits achieved for total dissolved metal quantification were: Cd 0.002?µg?L^?1, Cu 0.005?µg?L^?1, Ni 0.03?µg?L^?1, Pb 0.02?µg?L^?1 and relative standard deviations varied from 5–13% for all studied elements (for typical Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations in Black Sea water). Open pore diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique was employed for in-situ sampling and pre-concentration of the sea water and in combination with ETAAS was used to determine the proportion of dynamic (mobile and kinetically labile) species of Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) in the sea water. Obtained results showed strong complexation for Cu and Pb with sea water dissolved organic matter. The ratios between DGT-labile and total dissolved concentrations found for Cu(II) and Pb(II) were in the range 0.2–0.4. For Cd and Ni, these ratios varied from 0.6 to 0.8, suggesting higher degree of free and kinetically labile species of these metals in sea water.     

Determination of <Superscript>3</Superscript>H, <Superscript>226</Superscript>Ra, <Superscript>222</Superscript>Rn and <Superscript>238</Superscript>U in Austrian ground- and drinking water

Screening measurements for ³H, ²²⁶Ra, ²²²Rn and ²³⁸U in ground water were performed within a ground- and drinking water project in Austria. The aim of this project is to get an overview of the distribution of natural radionuclide activity concentration levels in ground water bodies. In some cases this water is used for drinking water abstraction. In this paper methods and results of the screening measurements are presented. Regions with high activity concentrations were identified and in these regions further investigation for ²²⁸Ra, ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po will be conducted.     

Trace elemental analysis of commercial bottled drinking water by a portable total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.

A portable total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was applied to commercial bottled drinking water containing 62 ppb (microg/L) V, 7.5 ppm (mg/L) Ca, and 1 ppm K. A dry residue, prepared by repeated pipetting and drying a 20 microL portion of drinking water on a sample holder six times, and another dry residue, prepared by pipetting and drying a 120 microL portion of the drinking water, were measured. The size of the dry residue of the drinking water was reduced by repeating the pipetting and drying. Calcium and potassium were easily detected in these two dry residues. Vanadium was detected in the dry residue prepared by repeated pipetting and drying. Vanadium, calcium, and potassium were quantified by using an internal standard, and the average quantified concentrations of V, Ca, and K were 91 ppb, 8.2 ppm, and 1.5 ppm, respectively. Although these quantified concentrations deviated from the certified concentrations (62 ppb of V, 7.5 ppm of Ca, and 1 ppm of K), it was possible for this portable spectrometer to estimate approximate concentrations.     

Environmental lead: need for reference materials

The status of the availability and appropriateness of standard reference materials (RMs) currently available for Pb in paint, dust, soil and drinking water is reviewed. The need for RMs which will be most appropriate for environmental Pb analysis in the context of the analytical techniques used, government regulations and health effects, is assessed. Also, the importance of factors such as bioavailability, sample size, homogeneity and composition that should be considered in developing appropriate RMs certified for Pb in paint, dust, soil and drinking water is stressed.     

Use of an On Site Integrated Pump Sampler for Estimation of Total Daily Intake of Some Metals from Tap Water

Abstract

An on-site pump-integrated water sampler-preconcentration device combined with a pressure sensitive switch to allow sampling of water from kitchen taps as a direct function of use is described. The sampler was used in the analysis of 18 tap water samples in the Montreal Metropolitan area for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn during six days of normal use. The sampler-preconcentration device has the potential for giving a more accurate estimate of the total daily intake of the above metals from drinking water.     

Determination of heavy metal in drinking waters by X-ray spectroscopy

Concentrations of trace elements in some drinking waters were determined using the X-ray emission spectroscopy. Water samples were collected near Rijeka, the most industrialized centre in the northern part of the Yugoslav coast, to find out if concentration of heavy metals in water are within permitted limits. Since concentrations of heavy metals in natural water are quite low, it was necessary to preconcentrate the water before the analysis. Two techniques of water samples preparation were used depending on the elements to be analyzed: precipitation by the APDC (amonium-pyrrolydine-dithiocarbamate) (for Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Hg). complexation with the APDC followed by the adsorption on activated carbon (for U).     

青海生活饮用水中矿质元素含量检测以及主成分分析

为了深入认识青海生活饮用水中矿质元素存在的现状,并对饮用水资源高效开发利用与保护提供一定的科学基础,本研究采用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱（Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS）法分析青海西宁市区、民和回族土族自治县、循化撒拉族自治县、化隆回族自治县、海东市乐都区、互助土族自治县、大通回族土族自治县、门源回族自治县、湟源县、贵德县、贵南县、兴海县、同德县、刚察县、天峻县、乌兰县、都兰县、玛多县、格尔木市和德令哈市共计20个地区的生活饮用水中17种矿质元素K、Ca、Mg、Na、Fe、Mn、Zn、Al、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ge、As、Hg、Cr、Co和Se的含量,并对测定结果进行主成分分析。结果表明：17种元素的相对标准偏差范围为1.52% - 3.89%,加标回收率范围是97.63% - 100.85%。此外,20个地区的生活饮用水中富含及其丰富的微量元素,其中德令哈市饮用水的钙含量达到32.75 ± 0.29 mg·L-1,海东市乐都区的饮用水中Se含量达到1.09 ± 0.01 mg·L-1,有潜在生理毒性的元素如Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cr的含量较低。在此基础上,将水样17个元素进行主成分分析降维得到7个线性不相关主成分,7个主成分方差贡献率分别为19.69%、16.05%、11.02%、10.41%、8.28%、7.39%、6.52%,合计贡献率达79.36%,可综合初始数据的绝大部分信息。通过雷达图分析,每个主成分在20个地区间的差异显著。每个主成分综合的元素信息各不相同。