The two steps thermal decomposition of titanium hydride and two steps foaming of Al alloy

1 Introduction Al alloy foam with closed pores prepared by melt foaming, realizing the lightness, high specific strength and multifunction of structure material, is becoming one of the hotspots[1―11]. In order to meet the demand of high-tech, preparing s…     

Spherical foam growth in Al alloy melt

The ultra light metal structure, realizing the light-ness and multifunction of structural material, has a bright future in high-tech and civil fields and is be-coming one of the hotspots in developed countries in 21 century[1―8]. Preparing Al foam by mel…     

On the formation and structure of nanometric polyhedral foams: toward the dry limit

High surface area, high porosity, nanometric polygonal silica foams with hierarchically connected and uniformly sized pore systems are reported here. We observe a remarkable increase in foam cell sizes from mesoscopic to macroscopic dimensions upon swelling the self-assembled template with oil. The resultant structures resemble classical macroscopic soap foams and display, among other features, Plateau borders and volume fractions approaching the dry limit of 100%. In well-developed foams of this kind, dimensionally isometric polyhedral cells are connected by relatively short, flat cylindrical mesopores through polyhedral faces and micropores through the walls. For one sample, with approximately 75 nm diameter primary foam cells, we infer three separate sets of cell-connecting mesopores puncturing tetragonal, pentagonal, and hexagonal faces of the component polyhedra. A multiple step model of foam formation is discussed where an organic silica precursor progressively hydrolyzes and condenses as a growing flexible shell from the core-corona interface of oil-swollen triblock copolymer micelles or microemulsion droplets, inducing a clouding phenomena in the otherwise stabilizing poly(ethylene oxide) chains, leading to aggregation, deformation, and jamming to high volume fractions.     

Microcellular foams made from gliadin

We have generated closed-cell microcellular foams from gliadin, an abundantly available wheat storage protein. The extraction procedure of gliadin from wheat gluten, which involves only the natural solvents water and ethanol, respectively, is described with emphasis on the precipitation step of gliadin which results in a fine dispersion of mostly spherical, submicron gliadin particles composed of myriad of protein molecules. A dense packing of these particles was hydrated and subjected to an atmosphere of carbon dioxide or nitrogen in a high-pressure cell at 250 bar. Subsequent heating to temperatures close to but still below 100 °C followed by sudden expansion and simultaneous cooling resulted in closed-cell microcellular foam. The spherical gliadin templates along with the resulting foam have been analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures. The size distribution of the primary particles shows diameters peaked around 0.54 μm, and the final foam cell size peaks around 1.2 μm, at a porosity of about 80 %. These are the smallest foam cell sizes ever reported for gliadin. Interestingly, the cell walls of these microcellular foams are remarkably thin with thicknesses in the lower nanometer range, thus nourishing the hope to be able to reach gliadin nanofoam.     

Effect of NaCl as a Space Holder in Producing Open Cell A356 Aluminium Foam by Gravity Die Casting Process

Gravity die casting is the technique which enables fabrication of open-cell A356 aluminium foam as a suitable absorber material with good quality performance. A356 aluminium alloy was used with varies amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) particles as a space holder to fabricate the aluminium foam using gravity die casting. Microstructural analysis, porosity and density were investigated in this study. As the addition of the NaCl space holder increases, porosity increases leading to decreasing density of the foam. Aluminium foam with 30 wt.% NaCl showed moderate porosity among the others foam.     

Thermal analysis study on the grain refinement of Al–15Zn–2.5Mg–2.5Cu alloy

Computer-aided cooling curve analysis is a reliable method to characterize the solidification behavior of an alloy. In this study, the effect of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner on the solidification path, microstructure and macrostructure of a new Al–Zn–Mg–Cu super high-strength aluminum alloy containing high amounts of zinc was investigated using thermal analysis technique. The grain size measurement showed that Al–5Ti–1B reduces the grain size from 1402 to 405 μm. Solidification parameters in the liquidus region were in a good accordance with microstructural results. The addition of 1 mass% of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner decreased ΔT _N from 9.1 to 7.7 °C. It also diminished recalescence undercooling from 1.42 to 0.32 °C. The grain refinement also altered dendritic structure of the alloy from a coarse, elongated and non-uniform to a rosette and more uniform shape. Moreover, the grain refiner resulted in a more uniform distribution of eutectic structure between dendrite arms. Furthermore, the grain refinement enhanced fraction of solid at dendrite coherency point from 21 % for unrefined alloy to 25 % for the alloy containing 1 mass% Al–5Ti–1B. In the same trend, the addition of 1 mass% Al–5Ti–1B reduced the amounts of porosity from 2.3 to 1.8 %.     

Effects of Zr addition on solidification characteristics of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy using thermal analysis

The effect of Zr as a grain refiner on the solidification behavior, micro- and macrostructure of a new Al–Zn–Mg–Cu aluminum super-high strength alloy containing high Zn content was studied. The addition of 2 mass% Zr reduced the grain size from 1500 to 190 μm. Moreover, the dendritic structure of the alloy altered from a coarse, elongated and non-uniform morphology to a rosette-like shape and more uniform one. The parameters of liquidus region of cooling curve obtained from thermal analysis were in a good correlation with grain size results. The maximum of first derivative in the liquidus region was introduced beside recalescence undercooling which could predict the grain refinement level even after disappearing of recalescence in the cooling curve. Furthermore, the addition of 1 mass% Zr enhanced fraction of solid in dendrite coherency point from 21 to 31% and lessened the amounts of porosity from 2.3 to 1.4%.     

二元氯化物熔体中锂和钠离子析出电位的测定及去极化作用的研 究

本文利用I-V曲线法测定了锂和钠离子在二元混合氯化物体系(LiCl-KCl;NaCl-KCl)中的析出电位,为利用熔盐电解法制备低钠高纯铝-锂合金提供了理论依据。根据锂离子在铝阴极上产生的去极化值求出铝和锂发生合金化反应的热力学意义,提出二元合金类型与极化类型之间的经验关系。首次通过研究锂离子在铝合金电极上的去极化行为,发现某些第三合金元素的存在可以加强锂离子的去极化作用,为进一步制取低钠高纯三元铝-锂-M合金系列提供了参考。还研究了在氯化钾-氯化锂体系中,氯化锂浓度对锂离子在铝阴极上析出电位的影响,求出了氯化锂的平均活度系数。     

Li在液态Al中扩散系数的测定研究

首次尝试利用开路电位-浓度曲线法测定合金的浓度, 并用阳极计时电位法快速测定Li在液态Al中的扩散系数。720℃下Li在液态Al中的扩散系数DLi/Al=4.94×10ˉ^5cm^2·gˉ^1,与根据Stokes-Einstein方程计算得到的理论值DLi/Al=4.85×10ˉ^5cm^2·sˉ^1相吻合。     

Characterization of the compressive deformation behavior with strain rate effect of low-density polymeric foams

This study investigates the compressive deformation behavior of a low-density polymeric foam at different strain rates. The material tested has micron-sized pores with a closed cell structure. The porosity is about 94%. During a uni-axial compressive test, the macroscopic stress–strain curve indicates a plateau region during plastic deformation. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation was carried out, in which the yield criterion considered both components of Mises stress and hydrostatic stress. By using the present FEM and experimental data, we established a computational model for the plastic deformation behavior of porous material. To verify our model, several indentation experiments with different indenters (spherical indentation and wedge indentation) were carried out to generate various tri-axial stress states. From the series of experiments and computations, we observed good agreement between the experimental data and that generated by the computational model. In addition, the strain rate effect is examined for a more reliable prediction of plastic deformation. Therefore, the present computational model can predict the plastic deformation behavior (including time-dependent properties) of porous material subjected to uni-axial compression and indentation loadings.     

Adsorption interaction between Al–5% Pb alloy and water

The adsorption and structural features of Al–5% Pb alloy powder before and after reacting with water are analyzed. Results from studying the morphology and phase composition of the oxidation products are presented, and the specific surface area and porosity of the powders are calculated. It is shown experimentally that water treatment of Al–5% Pb alloy powder even at room temperature leads to the formation of new phases and affects the powder’s morphology. It is established that a major role in the properties of the watertreated powders is played by nanopores that form between crystallites on a particle’s surface during waterinduced oxidation and subsequent thermal dehydration.     

化学镀镍磷合金镀层孔隙率的电化学评价

本文通过研究镍磷合金、镍磷合金镀层和碳钢在不同浓度硝酸溶液中的动电位极化曲线 ,选择了能够快速检测镍磷合金镀层孔隙率的硝酸浓度 ,并对不同厚度的镍磷合金镀层试样进行评价 .结果表明 :镍磷合金镀层在 1 0 %硝酸溶液中的动电位极化曲线能准确地反映镀层的孔隙率 ,该硝酸溶液最适合作为应用电化学方法检测镀层孔隙率的检测溶液 ,其变化规律是随着镀层孔隙率的减少 ,镀层的腐蚀电位逐渐正移 .应用常规的孔隙率检测方法只能检测较大的孔隙 .     

基于离子液体的超级电容在3 V及65 oC老化条件下的铝碳界面效应

相比于传统乙腈电解液体系的超级电容器,离子液体基超级电容器具有工作窗口电压高,能量密度大,不可燃等优点,适用于碳中和时代清洁但不稳定电力领域的大规模储能。然而,目前的工作主要集中在对纽扣型离子液体-超级电容器的研究上,有关软包式离子液体-超级电容器的长循环寿命评测的报道较少。构建可靠的超级电容器用于长时间测试或在高温下开展加速老化测试,应考虑集流体/电极界面的良好接触,以最小化电荷转移电阻。本文以包覆不同碳层的泡沫铝为集流体,研究了超级电容器新系统中的碳-铝界面效应。通过环氧树脂薄膜碳化得到的均匀无定形碳层,相比通过PVDF粘附石墨烯碳层,赋予了铝相和碳相更强的相互作用。此外,为了充分挖掘大离子尺寸的离子液体电解液的潜力,本文采用介孔碳电极实现离子在介孔间的快速扩散。因此,本工作首次制备了由介孔碳电极、离子液体电解液和覆碳三维泡沫铝集流体组成的新结构软包式超级电容器。以自制的容量为37 F的不同软包式超级电容器件,通过3 V、65 ^oC、500 h加速老化试验,研究了其时间依赖性的电化学性能,包括CV测试、恒流充放电测试、电容值、接触电阻、电化学阻抗谱等。相比石墨烯包覆的泡沫铝基器件,无定形碳层包覆的泡沫铝基器件表现出更高的电容保持率。此外,我们还对ESR进行了等效电路拟合,并深入分析了接触电阻、电荷转移电阻、韦伯电阻,研究了C-Al界面对高能量密度超级电容器的高性能和稳定性的影响。500小时老化测试前后的极片表征证实了上述结果。高温、高压条件使粘附石墨烯碳层的泡沫铝界面结构不可靠。而泡沫铝表面原位包覆的碳层在老化过程中表现出较强的相互作用和稳定的结构。这些坚实的数据为面向高能量密度、高功率密度和长循环寿命,进一步优化高窗口电压超级电容器提供了充足的信息。     

LaNi4.7Al0.3单颗粒微电极电化学行为的研究

报道了一种单颗粒微电极制备新方法, 并研究了LaNi4.7Al0.3球形单颗粒微电极的电化学行为.     

Hemostatic and Absorbent PolyHIPE–Kaolin Composites for 3D Printable Wound Dressing Materials

A novel hemostatic and absorbent wound dressing material compatible with 3D printing is developed to address deficiencies in current wound dressing protocol. The design involves an open celled, microporous hydrogel foam via a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) template with biocompatible components and tunable hemostatic character by kaolin loading, the viscosity and cure kinetics of which are tailored for 3D printing applications. The use of nontoxic mineral oil organic phase results in cytocompatability with human dermal fibroblasts. Kaolin distribution is shown by X‐ray diffraction and elemental dispersive spectroscopy to be exfoliated and dispersed in the hydrogel dressing. In addition to demonstrating high fluid absorption and noncytotoxicity of relevant cell lines, the high internal phase emulsion polymers (polyHIPEs) also match the hemostatic performance of commercial wound dressing materials. Furthermore, the polyHIPEs display the requisite rheological properties for 3D printing that result in the fabrication of a prototype dressing with hierarchical porosity and a large number of controllable form factors.     

氢中杂质CO对LaNi5,LaNi4.7Al0.3,MlNi4.5Al0.5合金PCT特性的影响

研究了 3种贮氢合金 ,即LaNi5 ,LaNi4.7Al0 .3,MlNi4.5 Al0 .5 在纯氢 ( 99 999% )及含 0 0 1%CO气体杂质氢中毒化前后的PCT特性。对于LaNi5 ,毒化后不出现平台 ;对LaNi4.7Al0 .3及MlNi4.5 Al0 .5 合金 ,平台压升高 ,平台倾斜加剧 ,平台宽度缩小 ,饱和吸氢量减小。LaNi5 中加入少量Al后 ,可以提高其抗毒化能力。分析了PCT平台变短、倾斜的原因。     

Effect of powder oxide content on the expansion and stability of PM-route Al foams

The oxide content in Al powders has been found to have a significant effect on the expansion and stability of foams made via a PM route. With low oxide contents (O<0.3 wt%) expansion is moderate and the foam structure is unstable. Larger expansions, improved foam stability and more homogeneous foam structures are achieved if the amount of oxide in the powder is moderate (O=0.3-0.6 wt%). Foaming precursors with excessive oxide contents (O>0.6 wt%) results in small expansions but very stable foam structures. Oxides were observed to form clusters of crumpled films, which at higher levels form a network which restricts the drainage of liquid from the cell walls and Plateau borders, but which also inhibit foam expansion. Oxide clusters in the cell walls lead to a decrease in the minimum cell wall thickness, resulting in an increase in foam expansion.     

Material properties of the cell walls in nanofibrillar cellulose foams from finite element modelling of tomography scans

The mechanical properties of the nanofibrillar cellulose foam depend on the microstructure of the foam and on the constituent solid properties. The latter are hard to extract experimentally due to difficulties in performing the experiments on the micro-scale. The aim of this work is to provide methodology for doing it indirectly using extracted geometry of the microstructure. X-ray computed tomography scans are used to reconstruct the microstructure of a nanofibrillar cellulose foam sample. By varying the levels of thresholding, structure of differing porosities of the same foam structure are obtained and their macroscopic properties of the uni-axial compression are computed by finite element simulations. A power law relation, equivalent to classical foam scaling laws, are fit to the data obtained from simulation at different relative densities for the same structure. The relation thus obtained, is used to determine the cell wall material properties, viz. elastic modulus and yield strength, by extrapolating it to the experimental porosity and using the measured response at this porosity. The simulations also provide qualitative insights into the nature of irreversible deformations, not only corroborating the experimental results, but also providing possible explanation to the mechanisms responsible for crushable behaviour of the nanofibrillar cellulose foams in compression.     

The role of microstructure on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams containing thermoregulating microcapsules

Rigid polyurethane foams with up to 50 wt% of microcapsules from LDPE-EVA containing Rubitherm^®RT27 were synthesized. The influence of microcapsules on the foams density, microstructure and mechanical resistance was studied. Cell size and strut and wall thicknesses were analyzed by SEM. The relationships between densities and foam microstructures with their Young's moduli and collapse stress were found by the Gibson and Ashby formulations and the Kerner equation for mechanical properties of composites. It was found a cell structure change from polyhedral closed-cells to spherical or amorphous open-cells. A good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data was observed but requiring a cell form factor. Thus, Fitting parameters confirmed the high trend of these microcapsules to be incorporated into the foam cell walls and the form factors depicted the abrupt change of cell morphology. Thus, these equations are suitable for predicting the mechanical properties of foams containing fillers of low mechanical resistance.     

Investigation of mechanical properties of anodized aluminum using dilatometric measurements

Mechanical properties of anodized aluminum were studied using the results of dilatometric measurements of thermal expansion of anodized Al (the symmetric structure Al(2)O(3)-Al-Al(2)O(3)). The 100-microm-thick Al(2)O(3 )oxide layer was formed in 4% aqueous solution of oxalic acid in the galvanostatic regime at a current density of 20 mA cm(-2). Measurements of thermal expansion of anodized Al (Al and Mg alloy of 2.7-3.2%, and 0.3-0.6% Mn, and 0.5-0.8% Si) with the thickness of initial Al from 0.6 to 3.7 mm and ceramic from Al(2)O(3) in the temperature range of 20-500 degrees C were conducted using an automatic quartz dilatometer. Intrinsic stress in the Al layer, the values of the modulus of elasticity, and the porosity of Al oxide formed on Al of different thickness are calculated.