Split supersymmetry under GUT and current dark matter constraints

There are four types of two-Higgs doublet models under a discrete \(Z_2\) symmetry imposed to avoid tree-level flavor-changing neutral current, i.e. type-I, type-II, type-X, and type-Y models. We investigate the possibility to discriminate the four models in the light of the flavor physics data, including \(B_s\) – \(\bar{B}_s\) mixing, \(B_{s,d} \rightarrow \mu ^+ \mu ^-\) , \(B\rightarrow \tau \nu \) and \(\bar{B} \rightarrow X_s \gamma \) decays, the recent LHC Higgs data, the direct search for charged Higgs at LEP, and the constraints from perturbative unitarity and vacuum stability. After deriving the combined constraints on the Yukawa interaction parameters, we have shown that the correlation between the mass eigenstate rate asymmetry \(A_{\Delta \Gamma }\) of \(B_{s} \rightarrow \mu ^+ \mu ^-\) and the ratio \(R=\mathcal{B}(B_{s} \rightarrow \mu ^+ \mu ^-)_\mathrm{exp}/ \mathcal{B}(B_{s} \rightarrow \mu ^+ \mu ^-)_\mathrm{SM}\) could be a sensitive probe to discriminate the four models with future precise measurements of the observables in the \(B_{s} \rightarrow \mu ^+ \mu ^-\) decay at LHCb.     

Investigation of conductivity of adhesive layer including indium tin oxide particles for multi-junction solar cells

We report connection conductivity ( \(C_{\rm c}\) ) of adhesive which including \(\hbox {In}_2\hbox {O}_3\) – \(\hbox {SnO}_2\) (ITO) particles developed for fabrication of stacked-type-multi-junction solar cells. The commercial 20- \(\upmu \) m sized ITO particles were heated in vacuum at temperature ranging from 800 to 1,300  \(^{\circ }{\rm C}\) for 10 min to increase \(C_{\rm c}\) . 6.2 wt% ITO particles were dispersed in commercial Cemedine adhesive gel to form 100 samples structured with n-type Si/adhesive/n-type Si (n-Si sample) and p-type Si/adhesive/p-type Si (p-Si sample). Current density as a function of voltage (J–V) characteristics gave \(C_{\rm c}\) . It ranged from 4.3 to 1.0 S/cm \(^2\) for the n-Si sample with 800 \(^{\circ }{\rm C}\) heat-treated ITO particles. Its standard deviation was 0.59 S/cm \(^2\) . On the other hand, it ranged from 2.0 to 0.6 S/cm \(^2\) for the p-Si sample with 800  \(^{\circ }{\rm C}\) heat-treated ITO particles. Its standard deviation was 0.22 S/cm \(^2\) . The distribution of \(C_{\rm c}\) mainly resulted from contact efficiency of ITO particles to substrate. We theoretically estimated that present \(C_{\rm c}\) achieved a low loss of the power conversion efficiency ( \(E_{\rm ff}\) ) lower than 0.3 % in the application of fabrication of multi-junction solar cell with an intrinsic \(E_{\rm ff}\) of 30 % and an open circuit voltage above 1.9 V.     

Parameter estimation of a nonlinear magnetic universe from observations

The cosmological model consisting of a nonlinear magnetic field obeying the Lagrangian \(\mathcal {L}= \gamma F^{\alpha },\, F\) being the electromagnetic invariant, coupled to a Robertson-Walker geometry is tested with observational data of Type Ia Supernovae, Long Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hubble parameter measurements. The statistical analysis show that the inclusion of nonlinear electromagnetic matter is enough to produce the observed accelerated expansion, with not need of including a dark energy component. The electromagnetic matter with abundance \(\varOmega _B\) , gives as best fit from the combination of all observational data sets \(\varOmega _B=0.562^{+0.037}_{-0.038}\) for the scenario in which \(\alpha =-1, \varOmega _B=0.654^{+0.040}_{-0.040}\) for the scenario with \(\alpha =-1/4\) and \(\varOmega _B=0.683^{+0.039}_{-0.043}\) for the one with \(\alpha =-1/8\) . These results indicate that nonlinear electromagnetic matter could play the role of dark energy, with the theoretical advantage of being a mensurable field.     

A flexible scintillation light apparatus for rare event searches

Compelling experimental evidences of neutrino oscillations and their implication that neutrinos are massive particles have given neutrinoless double beta decay ( \(\beta \beta 0\nu \) ) a central role in astroparticle physics. In fact, the discovery of this elusive decay would be a major breakthrough, unveiling that neutrino and antineutrino are the same particle and that the lepton number is not conserved. It would also impact our efforts to establish the absolute neutrino mass scale and, ultimately, understand elementary particle interaction unification. All current experimental programs to search for \(\beta \beta 0\nu \) are facing with the technical and financial challenge of increasing the experimental mass while maintaining incredibly low levels of spurious background. The new concept described in this paper could be the answer which combines all the features of an ideal experiment: energy resolution, low cost mass scalability, isotope choice flexibility and many powerful handles to make the background negligible. The proposed technology is based on the use of arrays of silicon detectors cooled to 120 K to optimize the collection of the scintillation light emitted by ultra-pure crystals. It is shown that with a 54 kg array of natural CaMoO \(_4\) scintillation detectors of this type it is possible to yield a competitive sensitivity on the half-life of the \(\beta \beta 0\nu \) of \(^{100}\) Mo as high as \(\sim \) \(10^{24}\)  years in only 1 year of data taking. The same array made of \(^{40}\) Ca \(^{\mathrm {nat}}\) MoO \(_4\) scintillation detectors (to get rid of the continuous background coming from the two neutrino double beta decay of \(^{48}\) Ca) will instead be capable of achieving the remarkable sensitivity of \(\sim \) \(10^{25}\)  years on the half-life of \(^{100}\) Mo \(\beta \beta 0\nu \) in only 1 year of measurement.     

Optimal N-Point Configurations on the Sphere: “Magic” Numbers and Smale’s 7th Problem

This paper inquires into the concavity of the map \(N\mapsto v_s(N)\) from the integers \(N\ge 2\) into the minimal average standardized Riesz pair-energies \(v_s(N)\) of \(N\) -point configurations on the sphere \(\mathbb {S}^2\) for various \(s\in \mathbb {R}\) . The standardized Riesz pair-energy of a pair of points on \(\mathbb {S}^2\) a chordal distance \(r\) apart is \(V_s(r)= s^{-1}\left( r^{-s}-1 \right) \) , \(s \ne 0\) , which becomes \(V_0(r) = \ln \frac{1}{r}\) in the limit \(s\rightarrow 0\) . Averaging it over the \(\left( \begin{array}{c} N\\ 2\end{array}\right) \) distinct pairs in a configuration and minimizing over all possible \(N\) -point configurations defines \(v_s(N)\) . It is known that \(N\mapsto v_s(N)\) is strictly increasing for each \(s\in \mathbb {R}\) , and for \(s<2\) also bounded above, thus “overall concave.” It is (easily) proved that \(N\mapsto v_{-2}^{}(N)\) is even locally strictly concave, and that so is the map \(2n\mapsto v_s(2n)\) for \(s<-2\) . By analyzing computer-experimental data of putatively minimal average Riesz pair-energies \(v_s^x(N)\) for \(s\in \{-1,0,1,2,3\}\) and \(N\in \{2,\ldots ,200\}\) , it is found that the map \(N\mapsto {v}_{-1}^x(N)\) is locally strictly concave, while \(N\mapsto {v}_s^x(N)\) is not always locally strictly concave for \(s\in \{0,1,2,3\}\) : concavity defects occur whenever \(N\in {\mathcal {C}}^{x}_+(s)\) (an \(s\) -specific empirical set of integers). It is found that the empirical map \(s\mapsto {\mathcal {C}}^{x}_+(s),\ s\in \{-2,-1,0,1,2,3\}\) , is set-theoretically increasing; moreover, the percentage of odd numbers in \({\mathcal {C}}^{x}_+(s),\ s\in \{0,1,2,3\}\) is found to increase with \(s\) . The integers in \({\mathcal {C}}^{x}_+(0)\) are few and far between, forming a curious sequence of numbers, reminiscent of the “magic numbers” in nuclear physics. It is conjectured that these new “magic numbers” are associated with optimally symmetric optimal-log-energy \(N\) -point configurations on \(\mathbb {S}^2\) . A list of interesting open problems is extracted from the empirical findings, and some rigorous first steps toward their solutions are presented. It is emphasized how concavity can assist in the solution to Smale’s \(7\) th Problem, which asks for an efficient algorithm to find near-optimal \(N\) -point configurations on \(\mathbb {S}^2\) and higher-dimensional spheres.     

Comprehensive Bayesian analysis of rare (semi)leptonic and radiative \varvec{B} decays

The available data on \(|\Delta B| = |\Delta S| = 1\) decays are in good agreement with the Standard Model when permitting subleading power corrections of about \(15\,\%\) at large hadronic recoil. Constraining new-physics effects in \(\mathcal {C}_{7}^{\mathrm {}}\) , \(\mathcal {C}_{9}^{\mathrm {}}\) , \(\mathcal {C}_{10}^{\mathrm {}}\) , the data still demand the same size of power corrections as in the Standard Model. In the presence of chirality-flipped operators, all but one of the power corrections reduce substantially. The Bayes factors are in favor of the Standard Model. Using new lattice inputs for \(B\rightarrow K^*\) form factors and under our minimal prior assumption for the power corrections, the favor shifts toward models with chirality-flipped operators. We use the data to further constrain the hadronic form factors in \(B\rightarrow K\) and \(B\rightarrow K^*\) transitions.     

Maximal Distance Travelled by N Vicious Walkers Till Their Survival

We consider N Brownian particles moving on a line starting from initial positions \(\mathbf{{u}}\equiv \{u_1,u_2,\ldots u_N\}\) such that \(0 . Their motion gets stopped at time \(t_s\) when either two of them collide or when the particle closest to the origin hits the origin for the first time. For \(N=2\) , we study the probability distribution function \(p_1(m|\mathbf{{u}})\) and \(p_2(m|\mathbf{{u}})\) of the maximal distance travelled by the \(1^{\text {st}}\) and \(2^{\text {nd}}\) walker till \(t_s\) . For general N particles with identical diffusion constants \(D\) , we show that the probability distribution \(p_N(m|\mathbf{u})\) of the global maximum \(m_N\) , has a power law tail \(p_i(m|\mathbf{{u}}) \sim {N^2B_N\mathcal {F}_{N}(\mathbf{u})}/{m^{\nu _N}}\) with exponent \(\nu _N =N^2+1\) . We obtain explicit expressions of the function \(\mathcal {F}_{N}(\mathbf{u})\) and of the N dependent amplitude \(B_N\) which we also analyze for large N using techniques from random matrix theory. We verify our analytical results through direct numerical simulations.     

Reunion Probabilities of N One-Dimensional Random Walkers with Mixed Boundary Conditions

In this work we extend the results of the reunion probability of \(N\) one-dimensional random walkers to include mixed boundary conditions between their trajectories. The level of the mixture is controlled by a parameter \(c\) , which can be varied from \(c=0\) (independent walkers) to \(c\rightarrow \infty \) (vicious walkers). The expressions are derived by using Quantum Mechanics formalism (QMf) which allows us to map this problem into a Lieb-Liniger gas (LLg) of \(N\) one-dimensional particles. We use Bethe ansatz and Gaudin’s conjecture to obtain the normalized wave-functions and use this information to construct the propagator. As it is well-known, depending on the boundary conditions imposed at the endpoints of a line segment, the statistics of the maximum heights of the reunited trajectories have some connections with different ensembles in Random Matrix Theory. Here we seek to extend those results and consider four models: absorbing, periodic, reflecting, and mixed. In all four cases, the probability that the maximum height is less or equal than \(L\) takes the form \(F_N(L)=A_N\sum _{\varvec{k}\in \Omega _{\text {B}}} \mathrm{e}^{-\sum _{j=1}^Nk_j^2}\mathcal {V}_N(\varvec{k})\) , where \(A_N\) is a normalization constant, \(\mathcal {V}_N(\varvec{k})\) contains a deformed and weighted Vandermonde determinant, and \(\Omega _{\text {B}}\) is the solution set of quasi-momenta \(\varvec{k}\) obeying the Bethe equations for that particular boundary condition.     

Is the CNMSSM more credible than the CMSSM?

“Post-sphaleron baryogenesis”, a fresh and profound mechanism of baryogenesis accounts for the matter–antimatter asymmetry of our present universe in a framework of Pati–Salam symmetry. We attempt here to embed this mechanism in a non-SUSY SO(10) grand unified theory by reviving a novel symmetry breaking chain with Pati–Salam symmetry as an intermediate symmetry breaking step and as well to address post-sphaleron baryogenesis and neutron–antineutron oscillation in a rational manner. The Pati–Salam symmetry based on the gauge group \(\mathrm{SU}(2)_L \times \mathrm{SU}(2)_{R} \times \mathrm{SU}(4)_C\) is realized in our model at \(10^{5}\) – \(10^{6}\)  GeV and the mixing time for the neutron–antineutron oscillation process having \(\Delta B=2\) is found to be \(\tau _{n-\bar{n}} \simeq 10^{8}\) – \(10^{10}\)  s with the model parameters, which is within the reach of forthcoming experiments. Other novel features of the model include low scale right-handed \(W^{\pm }_R\) , \(Z_R\) gauge bosons, explanation for neutrino oscillation data via the gauged inverse (or extended) seesaw mechanism and most importantly TeV scale color sextet scalar particles responsible for an observable \(n\) – \(\bar{n}\) oscillation which may be accessible to LHC. We also look after gauge coupling unification and an estimation of the proton lifetime with and without the addition of color sextet scalars.     

Line intensity measurements of methane’s \nu _3-band using a cw-OPO

We report on absolute line strength measurements of P(1), R(0) and R(1) singlet lines in the \(3.3\,\upmu\hbox {m}\,\nu _{3}\) (C–H stretching) band of methane \(^{12}\hbox {CH}_4\) at reference temperature \(T=296\)  K. Line strength measurements are performed at low pressure \((P \le 1\hbox { Torr})\) using direct absorption spectroscopy technique based on a widely tunable continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator. The \(1\sigma \) overall accuracy in line strength determinations ranges between 7 and 8 % mostly limited by pressure and frequency measurements. A comparison with previous reported values is made. Our results show good agreement with the HITRAN 2012 database.     

Antiproton low-energy collisions with Ps-atoms and true muonium atoms (μ + μ −)

Three-charge-particle collisions with participation of ultra-slow antiprotons ( \(\overline {\rm {p}}\) ) is the subject of this work. Specifically we compute the total cross sections and corresponding thermal rates of the following three-body reactions: \(\overline {\rm p}+(e^+e^-) \rightarrow \overline {\rm {H}} + e^-\) and \(\overline {\rm p}+(\mu ^+\mu ^-) \rightarrow \overline {\rm {H}}_{\mu } + \mu ^-\) , where \(e^-(\mu ^-)\) is an electron (muon) and \(e^+(\mu ^+)\) is a positron (antimuon) respectively, \(\overline {\rm {H}}=(\overline {\rm p}e^+)\) is an antihydrogen atom and \(\overline {\rm {H}}_{\mu }=(\overline {\rm p}\mu ^+)\) is a muonic antihydrogen atom, i.e. a bound state of \(\overline {\rm {p}}\) and μ ⁺. A set of two-coupled few-body Faddeev-Hahn-type (FH-type) equations is numerically solved in the framework of a modified close-coupling expansion approach.     

Dispersion dependence of two-photon absorption transition on frequency in Si PIN photodetector

The variation of two-photon absorption (TPA) coefficient \(\beta _{\mathrm{TPA}} (\omega )\) of Si excited at difference photon energy was investigated. The TPA coefficient was measured by using a picosecond pulsed laser with the wavelength could be tuned in a wide photon-energy range. An equivalent RC circuit model was adapted to derive the TPA coefficient \(\beta _{\mathrm{TPA}} (\omega )\) . The results showed that \(\beta _{\mathrm{TPA}} (\omega )\) varied from \(4.2 \times 10^{-4}\) to \(1.17 \times 10^{-3 }\)  cm/GW in the transparent wavelength region \(1.80<\lambda <1.36\,\upmu \) m of Si. The increasing tendency of \(\beta _{\mathrm{TPA}} (\omega )\) with the incident photon energy can be qualitatively interpreted as the photon energy increases from \(E_{\mathrm{ig}}/2\) to nearly \(E_{\mathrm{ig}}\) , the electrons excited from the valance band find an increasing availability of conduction band states. Comparing with the high-energy side transitions, the TPA coefficient in low-energy side is about 10 times too small. This can be attributed that the TPA transition in low-energy side is the process of photon-assisted electron transitions from valence to conduction band occurring between different points in k-space, while is direct transition in high-energy side.     

Dilaton gravity, (quasi-) black holes,and scalar charge

Electrically charged dust is considered in the framework of Einstein–Maxwell–dilaton gravity with a Lagrangian containing the interaction term \(P(\chi )F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }\) , where \(P(\chi )\) is an arbitrary function of the dilaton scalar field \(\chi \) , which can be normal or phantom. Without assumption of spatial symmetry, we show that static configurations exist for arbitrary functions \(g_{00} = \exp (2\gamma (x^{i}))\) ( \(i=1,2,3\) ) and \(\chi =\chi (\gamma )\) . If \(\chi = \mathrm{const}\) , the classical Majumdar–Papapetrou (MP) system is restored. We discuss solutions that represent black holes (BHs) and quasi-black holes (QBHs), deduce some general results and confirm them by examples. In particular, we analyze configurations with spherical and cylindrical symmetries. It turns out that cylindrical BHs and QBHs cannot exist without negative energy density somewhere in space. However, in general, BHs and QBHs can be phantom-free, that is, can exist with everywhere nonnegative energy densities of matter, scalar and electromagnetic fields.     

The N = 16 Spherical Shell Closure in 24O

The unbound excited states of the most neutron-rich dripline oxygen isotope, ²⁴O, have been investigated by using the ²⁴O(p,p′)²⁴O^* reaction at the beam energy of 62 MeV/nucleon in inverse kinematics. The first and second unbound excited states of ²⁴O have been observed at ${E_{\rm x}= 4.63_{-0.14}^{+0.30}}$  MeV and ${E_{\rm x}= 5.13_{-0.24}^{+0.19}}$  MeV (preliminary) along with the evidence for another higher lying state at around 7.3 MeV. The quadrupole deformation parameter ${\beta_{2^+}}$ was deduced to be ${0.15_{-0.03}^{+0.08}}$ (preliminary) for the first time. The systematics of the ${\beta_{2^+}}$ and the ${E_{\rm x}(2_1^+)}$ in the Z = 8 isotopes shows the N = 16 spherical shell closure in ²⁴O.     

Pesin’s Entropy Formula for Systems Between C^1 and C^{1+\alpha }

In this article we give a new observation of Pesin’s entropy formula, motivated from Mañé’s proof of (Ergod Theory Dyn Sys 1:95–102, 1981). Let \(M\) be a compact Riemann manifold and \(f:\,M\rightarrow M\) be a \(C^1\) diffeomorphism on \(M\) . If \(\mu \) is an \(f\) -invariant probability measure which is absolutely continuous relative to Lebesgue measure and nonuniformly-H \(\ddot{\text {o}}\) lder-continuous(see Definition 1.1), then we have Pesin’s entropy formula, i.e., the metric entropy \(h_\mu (f)\) satisfies $$\begin{aligned} h_{\mu }(f)=\int \sum _{\lambda _i(x)> 0}\lambda _i(x)d\mu , \end{aligned}$$ where \(\lambda _1(x)\ge \lambda _2(x)\ge \cdots \ge \lambda _{dim\,M}(x)\) are the Lyapunov exponents at \(x\) with respect to \(\mu .\) Nonuniformly-H \(\ddot{\text {o}}\) lder-continuous is a new notion from probabilistic perspective weaker than \(C^{1+\alpha }.\)      

QCD analysis of forward neutron production in DIS

Observing light-by-light scattering at the large hadron collider (LHC) has received quite some attention and it is believed to be a clean and sensitive channel to possible new physics. In this paper, we study the diphoton production at the LHC via the process \({{pp}}\rightarrow {{p}}\gamma \gamma {{p}}\rightarrow {{p}}\gamma \gamma {{p}}\) through graviton exchange in the large extra dimension (LED) model. Typically, when we do the background analysis, we also study the double Pomeron exchange of \(\gamma \gamma \) production. We compare its production in the quark–quark collision mode to the gluon–gluon collision mode and find that contributions from the gluon–gluon collision mode are comparable to the quark–quark one. Our result shows, for extra dimension \(\delta =4\) , with an integrated luminosity \(\mathcal{L} = 200\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}\) at the 14 TeV LHC, that diphoton production through graviton exchange can probe the LED effects up to the scale \({M}_{S}=5.06 (4.51, 5.11)\,\mathrm{TeV}\) for the forward detector acceptance \(\xi _1 (\xi _2, \xi _3)\) , respectively, where \(0.0015<\xi _1<0.5\) , \(0.1<\xi _2<0.5\) , and \(0.0015<\xi _3<0.15\) .     

Three-body calculation of Be double-Λ hypernuclei

Energy levels and Λ Λ bond energy of the double- Λ hypernucleus are calculated by considering two- and three-cluster interactions. Interactions between constituent particles are contact interactions for reproducing the low binding energy of nuclei. The effective action is constructed to involve three-body forces. In this paper, we also compare the obtained binding energy result with experimental and other cluster and shell models. The results of all schemes agree very well showing the high accuracy of our method to calculate the other many-body hyperonic nuclei using three-cluster interactions. The experimental values of \(B_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}(^{10}_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}\) Be) = (11.90 ± 0.13) MeV, \(B_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}(^{11}_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}\) Be) = (20.49 ± 1.15) MeV and \(B_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}(^{12}_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}\) Be) = (22.23 ± 1.15) MeV seem to be more compatible with our calculated value of \(B_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}(^{10}_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}\) Be) = 14.04 MeV, \(B_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}(^{11}_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}\) Be) = 19.31 MeV and \(B_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}(^{12}_{\Lambda {\Lambda }}\) Be) = 21.45 MeV in comparison with the other calculated results by Hiyama et al, Gal et al and Guleria et al.     

Analysis of the \frac{1} {2}^ - and \frac{3} {2}^ - heavy and doubly heavy baryon states with QCD sum rules

In this article, we study the $\frac{1} {2}^ -$ and $\frac{3} {2}^ -$ heavy and doubly heavy baryon states $\Sigma _Q \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi '_Q \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Omega _Q \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi _{QQ} \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Omega _{QQ} \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Sigma _Q^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi _Q^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Omega _Q^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi _{QQ}^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ and $\Omega _{QQ}^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ by subtracting the contributions from the corresponding $\frac{1} {2}^ +$ and $\frac{3} {2}^ +$ heavy and doubly heavy baryon states with the QCD sum rules in a systematic way, and make reasonable predictions for their masses.