SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢的摩擦变形层研究

研究了SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢与Al2O3陶瓷球以及GCr15轴承钢球对摩的摩擦特性,利用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜和显微硬度计研究了SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢磨痕表层及其次表层硬度、磨痕表面的马氏体转变与试验条件的关系.结果表明:当载荷大于30 N后,摩擦系数在剧烈波动前存在1个与试验时间或滑动距离相关的孕育期;SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢磨痕表层的显微硬度从次表层至表层呈上升趋势;在相同滑动速度下,随着载荷增加,磨痕表层的显微硬度增大;摩擦诱发了亚稳奥氏体向马氏体转变,且磨痕表层诱发转变的马氏体含量随载荷和滑动速度的增加而降低;在载荷和摩擦剪切应力作用下,由于表层晶粒细化、相变马氏体和高密度位错的综合作用使得其显微硬度增大.     

关节软骨模拟运动摩擦磨损行为研究

采用牛关节软骨与不锈钢摩擦副在人工膝关节模拟运动试验机上进行模拟膝关节运动的摩擦学试验研究,探讨载荷和时间对摩擦磨损行为的影响并分析其作用机理,同时对软骨表面进行分析。结果表明：随着载荷从640增至1000 N,牛软骨表面磨痕的宽度的深度均增大;在同样载荷下,随着模拟运动时间从20增至60 min,牛软骨表面磨痕的宽度和深度增大。软骨磨损表面的磨痕和破损表面检测有铁元素的存在,表明不锈钢材料在摩擦过程中发生转移。试验后得到的磨粒包括长条形的金属磨粒和圆形的软骨成分磨粒。     

金属橡胶隔振构件中不锈钢丝的微动摩擦磨损性能研究

以金属橡胶隔振构件疲劳试验数据为基础,将柱-块摩擦样品表面刻槽以嵌入并固定钢丝,在SRV高温摩擦磨损试验机上评价φ0.3 mm的冷拉拔1Cr18Ni9不锈钢钢丝在不同载荷下的微动摩擦磨损性能,用激光扫描共焦显微镜对其磨痕表面进行分析.结果表明:冷拉拔不锈钢丝的表面粗糙度Ra值为3.447μm;在磨损初期阶段,需要约28s打磨其表而的凹凸体;由不锈钢丝"微动单元"的摩擦曲线可以将其磨损过程划分为表面打磨、接触面黏着、第三体床形成以及稳定磨损4个阶段,其中稳定磨损阶段的摩擦系数相对平稳,磨痕表面光滑程度高于基体的原始表面,磨痕深度介于50～60μm之间.     

一对钢－钢摩擦副摩擦磨损的原位动态研究

摩擦磨损的扫描电子显微镜原位动态研究，可以跟踪观察磨屑形成和磨痕演变的全过程，以及材料表面在摩擦磨损中变化的真实情况．在由国产台式扫描电子显微镜改装成的滑动摩擦磨损试验装置上，对１５＃钢－４５＃钢摩擦磨损过程所作的原位动态研究表明：１５＃钢在对摩过程中始终存在粘－滑现象，微切削是其主要磨损机理；１５＃钢磨痕形貌变化可分５个阶段——第１阶段出现与滑动方向垂直的横向裂纹，第２阶段产生大片状剥离，第３阶段产生小片状疲劳剥离，第４阶段产生块状磨屑并形成表面凹坑，第５阶段磨痕趋于平坦．这种滑动摩擦磨损试验装置不仅具有对摩擦磨损过程作动态跟踪观察的功能，而且可用于对摩擦学过程作准动态观察，这两种观察方法对研究摩擦磨损过程同等重要     

一对钢—钢摩擦副摩擦磨损的原位动态研究

摩擦磨损的扫描电子显微镜原位动态研究，可以跟踪观察磨屑形成和磨痕演变的全过程，以及材料表面在摩擦磨损中变化的真实情况。     

基于有限元模拟的SUS304奥氏体不锈钢摩擦耦合变形过程的应力分析

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对SUS 304奥氏体不锈钢薄板的摩擦耦合变形过程进行了数值模拟.采用隐式-显式序列求解法和分段线性塑性材料模型,分析了钢带摩擦耦合变形时的应力分布规律及载荷、下压量和滑动速度等因素对钢带剪应力、主应力及等效应力的影响.结果表明:摩擦耦合变形的试验参数显著影响钢带的应力分布,验证了钢带在低于其屈服强度的应力条件下发生塑性变形的摩擦诱发效应.对奥氏体不锈钢摩擦诱发马氏体转变行为的研究及其摩擦学性能的改善具有一定的指导意义.     

AISI 4340钢干滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

室温条件下,采用CFT-Ⅰ型多功能材料表面综合性能测试仪对AISI 4340钢进行了往复干摩擦磨损试验,研究了其摩擦磨损特性.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对磨痕和亚表层进行了观察和检测,分析了磨损表面微观形貌、亚表层塑性变形和碳氧元素含量演化.结果表明:磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主,并伴随轻微黏着磨损和剥落磨损;磨损表面分布着长度、宽度、深度不一的划痕以及鳞片状和颗粒状磨屑;磨损表面出现轻微氧化,磨屑呈现不同程度的碳富集和氧化;亚表层出现明显摩擦影响层,距表层越近,塑性变形越明显,晶界角逐渐汇聚于表面,在表面处趋于平行;往复运动导致塑性变形方向不一致,磨痕中部,塑性变形向某位置聚集.     

基于原位和RNT技术的铜锌合金摩擦磨损性能

采用基于原位全息显微技术和放射性核素技术的摩擦磨损试验装置,在润滑条件下对Cu Zn36/100Cr6配对摩擦体系中Cu Zn36的磨损行为进行了研究.利用装置中的全息显微镜对Cu Zn36磨痕表面微观形貌和粗糙度进行原位分析,利用放射性核素磨损量测量系统精确测量Cu Zn36的实时磨损量;利用扫描电镜对Cu Zn36及100Cr6钢球磨面进行观察和分析,利用X射线光电子能谱分析仪对Cu Zn36磨痕表层的元素化合态进行定量分析.结果表明:在试验法向载荷为1.9~3.0 MPa范围内时,Cu Zn36表现出良好耐磨性,原因是Cu Zn36在试验过程中形成了具有高硬度和自润滑性的Zn O强化层,主要磨损方式为疲劳磨损.在较差磨合试验过程中,磨痕表面耐磨层一直处于"形成-破坏-再形成-再破坏"的动态过程,主要磨损方式为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损.     

摩擦自激振动引起摩擦面波状磨耗的试验研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上进行金属干摩擦试验,研究摩擦自激振动对盘试件磨痕表面轮廓的影响,采用激光位移传感器测量盘试件摩擦表面轮廓尺寸,用加速度传感器测量销试件的摩擦自激振动.试验结果表明：在干摩擦状态下,销-盘系统容易发生持续的摩擦自激振动,当摩擦时间达到一定数值后,盘试件的磨痕表面轮廓会出现明显的波浪形磨耗,波浪形磨损机理主要是疲劳磨损.分析表明波浪形磨耗的波长近似等于摩擦自激振动的周期与滑动速度的乘积,由此推断摩擦自激振动引起了摩擦表面的波浪形磨耗.     

有限元模拟TIN 膜/碳钢基材体系的摩擦磨损试验

对TiN膜/碳钢基材体系摩擦磨损过程的有限元模拟表明:磨痕边缘的多种应力集中、磨痕内外的张应力、膜/基界面切应力,都将影响体系的摩擦学行为.用销/盘试验验证了有限元模拟结果,根据对膜层中裂纹的萌生、扩展和体系的损伤、破坏情况分析,摩擦磨损过程分为磨合、稳定磨损、膜层失稳、体系失效阶段.提出了小载荷摩擦磨损下过软基材的膜/基体系失效机制,即膜层在集中应力和张应力作用下发生裂纹萌生和扩展的脆性破坏,其中,由于体系变形引起的磨痕边缘应力集中对膜层早期损伤进而导致体系磨损失效具有最重要作用.     

Transition process in a fluid layer in a rotating paraboloid in response to a sudden change in its angular velocity

The process of establishment of the rigid-body rotation state in a liquid layer in a rotating paraboloid upon a sudden increase in its angular velocity is studied theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical study is performed within the framework of linear shallow-water theory with account for the bottom Ekman friction. Analytical solutions describing the transition process are obtained and the dependence of the establishment time on the liquid depth and the radius of curvature of the paraboloid is investigated. It is shown that the effect of free surface deformation may lead to a significant increase in the establishment time. Good agreement with the results of special laboratory experiments is found.     

Erosion in conical diffusers in particulate-laden cavitating flow

This paper highlights the serious damage that can occur in diffusing sections of pipework in which a cavitating particulate-laden fluid is flowing. The combined effects of particle erosion and cavitation are shown to remove considerably more material than would be expected from summing the effects of the individual mechanisms. It is demonstrated that, to be sure of avoiding this accelerated surface erosion, the transition from a smaller flow section to a larger one needs to be an abrupt expansion. If pressure recovery is important, a possible design solution is proposed. In the case of swirling flow, the expansion again needs to be abrupt. Evidence was also obtained which showed that, by allowing air to be entrained into the low pressure region in the flow, the cavitation and the erosion can be substantially reduced.     

Capillary effects in steady-state flow in heterogeneous cores

Effects of capillary heterogeneity at the macroscopic scale have previously been analyzed for static conditions or in the context of outflow end-effects. This paper presents a systematic study for the case of one-dimensional, steady-state flow, that complements recent work on transient displacement. We consider the saturation response to various forms of heterogeneity. Included are analytical results for certain model cases, some general results, and numerical solutions for variously correlated spatial variations. The sensitivity to process parameters, such as rate, heterogeneity length scale and correlation, is studied. Physical interpretations are offered and potential applications in the estimation of heterogeneity are discussed.     

Mixing in Circular and Non-circular Jets in Crossflow

Coherent structures and mixing in the flow field of a jet in crossflow have been studied using computational (large eddy simulation) and experimental (particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence) techniques. The mean scalar fields and turbulence statistics as determined by both are compared for circular, elliptic, and square nozzles. For the latter configurations, effects of orientation are considered. The computations reveal that the distribution of a passive scalar in a cross-sectional plane can be single- or double-peaked, depending on the nozzle shape and orientation. A proper orthogonal decomposition of the transverse velocity indicates that coherent structures may be responsible for this phenomenon. Nozzles which have a single-peaked distribution have stronger modes in transverse direction. The global mixing performance is superior for these nozzle types. This is the case for the blunt square nozzle and for the elliptic nozzle with high aspect ratio. It is further demonstrated that the flow field contains large regions in which a passive scalar is transported up the mean gradient (counter-gradient transport) which implies failure of the gradient diffusion hypothesis.     

Turbulent transport in an inclined jet in crossflow

The present study experimentally investigates a turbulent jet in crossflow relevant to film cooling applications. The jet is inclined at 30°, and its mean velocity is the same as the crossflow. Magnetic resonance imaging is used to obtain the full three-dimensional velocity and concentration fields, whereas Reynolds stresses are obtained along selected planes by Particle Image Velocimetry. The critical role of the counter-rotating vortex pair in the mixing process is apparent from both velocity and concentration fields. The jet entrainment is not significantly higher than in an axisymmetric jet without crossflow, because the proximity of the wall inhibits the turbulent transport. Reynolds shear stresses correlate with velocity and concentration gradients, consistent with the fundamental assumptions of simple turbulence models. However the eddy viscosity is strongly anisotropic and non-homogeneous, being especially low along the leeward side of the jet close to injection. Turbulent diffusion acts to decouple mean velocity and concentration fields, as demonstrated by the drop in concentration flux within the streamtube issued from the hole. Volume-averaged turbulent diffusivity is calculated using a mass–flux balance across the streamtube emanating from the jet hole, and it is found to vary slowly in the streamwise direction. The data are compared with Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with standard k − ε closure and an optimal turbulent Schmidt number. The computations underestimate the strength of the counter-rotating vortex pair, due to an overestimated eddy viscosity. On the other hand the entrainment is increasingly underpredicted downstream of injection. To capture the correct macroscopic trends, eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity should vary spatially in different ways. Therefore a constant turbulent Schmidt number formulation is inadequate for this flow.     

Gas-Dynamic Processes in Two-Phase Flows in MHD Generators

A plane problem of a two-phase monodisperse flow of combustion products of plasma-forming composite solid propellants in the duct of a Faraday's MHD generator with continuous electrodes, including an accelerating nozzle, MHD channel, and diffuser, is considered. An algorithm based on the pseudo-transient method is developed to solve the system of equations describing the two-phase flow. Gas-dynamic processes in the channels of the Pamir-1 setup are numerically studied. It is shown that shock-free deceleration of a supersonic flow to velocities close to the equilibrium velocity of sound in a two-phase mixture and significantly lower than the velocity of sound in the gas is possible in two-phase flows.     

Nonlinear waves in electromigration dispersion in a capillary

We construct exact solutions to an unusual nonlinear advection–diffusion equation arising in the study of Taylor–Aris (also known as shear) dispersion due to electroosmotic flow during electromigration in a capillary. An exact reduction to a Darboux equation is found under a traveling-wave ansatz. The equilibria of this ordinary differential equation are analyzed, showing that their stability is determined solely by the (dimensionless) wave speed without regard to any (dimensionless) physical parameters. Integral curves, connecting the appropriate equilibria of the Darboux equation that governs traveling waves, are constructed, which in turn are shown to be asymmetric kink solutions (i.e., non-Taylor shocks). Furthermore, it is shown that the governing Darboux equation exhibits bistability, which leads to two coexisting non-negative kink solutions for (dimensionless) wave speeds greater than unity. Finally, we give some remarks on other types of traveling-wave solutions and a discussion of some approximations of the governing partial differential equation of electromigration dispersion.     

Mean stress in a granular medium in dynamics

In this paper we propose to construct a mean stress tensor for a granular medium, valid in static and in dynamics, which takes into account the contact reactions and the body forces acting at the grain level. A simple analytical example shows that taking account of inertia forces is essential to insure the symmetry of the mean stress tensor in dynamics. Finally, numerical simulations illustrating this definition of the mean stress tensor are presented for a granular medium ensiled.