Analytical characterization of gold nanoparticle primary particles,aggregates, agglomerates,and agglomerated aggregates |
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Authors: | Athena M Keene Katherine M Tyner |
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Institution: | (1) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bldg 64, Rm 2086, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; |
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Abstract: | Gold nanoparticles have been studied for many biomedical applications. However, alterations in the gold nanoparticles’ environment
frequently lead to the formation of aggregates and agglomerates, which have not been well characterized. These new structures
could significantly change the biological impact of the nanoparticles, so the appropriate characterization of these structures
prior to biological administration is vital for the correct interpretation of toxicology results. By varying the solvent or
heating under pressure, four reproducible gold nanoparticles structures were created: 10 nm primary particles, aggregates
of the primary particles that contain non-reversible bonds between the individual nanoparticles, agglomerates of primary particles
that contain reversible interactions between the individual nanoparticles, and agglomerated aggregates that have reversible
bonds linking individual aggregates. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, thermal gravitational analysis, and neutron
activation analysis were each found to accurately measure the concentration of the primary particles. The primary particles
measured 10 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and had a spherical morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
while the aggregates measured 110 nm by DLS and had a distorted morphology by TEM. The agglomerate and aggregated agglomerate
samples both measured >1,000 nm by DLS, but the individual particles had significantly different morphologies by TEM. Multiple
other analytical techniques, including ultracentrifugation, gel electrophoresis, and X-ray diffraction, also showed unique
traits for each structure. The structural differences did not change in the presence of cell culture media or rat serum. In
addition, the primary particles, aggregates, and agglomerates each had a unique UV–Vis spectrum, allowing for an inexpensive,
rapid method to differentiate between the structures. |
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