Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and analysis of lipids from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorella vulgaris</Emphasis> using gas chromatography

The influence of six different supercritical carbon dioxide extraction conditions on the quantity and quality of the extracted lipids from Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) was examined using experimental design. The investigated parameters included dynamic extraction times (45 and 90 min), pressures (300 and 350 bars) and a modifier (with and without ethanol). By using a grinding method prior to the extraction, cells were disrupted resulting in an enhanced extraction yield. The results showed that the total lipid yields increased by increasing the pressure, extraction time and the modifier. Applying harsher extraction conditions increased the extraction of longer-chain fatty acids (FAs), changed the FA compositions and enhanced the total lipid yield. Using transesterification, the extracted lipids were converted to biodiesel. The biodiesel physiochemical properties were estimated using empirical equations based on the fatty acid methyl ester contents. Furthermore, analysis of the protein content of remaining biomass showed a decrease in protein content with increasing the lipid extraction yield.