水雷冲击掩埋的一维-三维模型预测

当圆柱体或非圆柱体海军水雷通过空气、水和沉积物下落时,水雷冲击掩埋状态预测模型建立了一段时间历程.模型的输出是预测水雷在空气和水柱中的运动轨迹、在沉积物中的掩埋深度和方向,以及雷体在掩埋物中凸出部分的高度、面积和体积.模型的输入包括环境、水雷特征和初始释放状态等参数.综述近30年来水雷冲击掩埋预测模型从一维到三维的发展情况:(1)一维模型预测了在水雷降落角度恒定时的水雷质心的垂向位置;(2)二维模型预测了水雷质心在(x,z)二维平面中的位置以及绕y轴的旋转情况;(3)三维模型预测了水雷质心在(x,y,z)三维空间里的位置以及绕x,y和z轴的旋转情况.这些模型均通过从水雷冲击掩埋试验中获得的实验数据进行了验证.一维模型只求解了在沿z轴方向运动的一个动量方程,它不能很好地预测水雷的运动轨迹和掩埋深度.二维模型仅限于水雷在(x,z)平面中的运动状态预测,而且要求雷体周围的流体是静止的,另外,使用了不准确的阻尼系数和不精确的沉积物动力学.因此,二维模型在水雷的运动轨迹和埋藏深度的预测上误差很大(比在Monterey湾砂底观察的深度大6～10倍).三维模型能很好地预测圆柱体、近圆柱体以及实验用的Manta和Rockan等水雷的运动轨迹和掩埋深度.

MINE IMPACT BURIAL PREDICTION FROM ONE TO THREE DIMENSIONS

The Navy’s mine impact burial prediction model creates a time history of a cylindrical or a noncylindrical mine as it falls through air, water, and sediment. The output of the model is the predicted mine trajectory in air and water columns, burial depth/orientation in sediment, as well as height, area, and volume protruding. Model inputs consist of param- eters of environment, mine characteristics, and initial release. This paper reviews near three decades’ effort on model development from one to three dimensions: (1) one- dimensional models predict the vertical position of the mine’s center of mass (COM) with the assumption of constant falling angle, (2) two-dimensional models predict the COM position in thex,z plane and the rotation around the y-axis, and (3) three-dimensional models predict the COM position in thex,y,z space and the rotation around the x-, y-, and z-axes. These models are verified using the data collected from mine impact burial experiments. The one-dimensional model only solves one momentum equation (in the z-direction). It cannot predict the mine trajectory and burial depth well. The two- dimensional model restricts the mine motion in thex,z plane (which requires motion- less for the environmental fluids) and uses incorrect drag coefficients and inaccurate sediment dynamics. The prediction errors are large in the mine trajectory and burial depth prediction (six to ten times larger than the observed depth in sand bottom of the Monterey Bay). The three-dimensional model predicts the trajectory and burial depth relatively well for cylindrical, near-cylindrical mines, and operational mines such as Manta and Rockan mines.DOI: 10.1115/1.3013823