A method for trace element determination of single Daphnia specimens using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry |
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| Affiliation: | 1. UFZ Center for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Inland Water Research Magdeburg, Brückstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany;2. Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Zoologia, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile;1. Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, IIAMA, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;2. Departamentd’Enginyeria Química, EscolaTècnica Superior d’Enginyeria, Universitat de València, Avinguda de la Universitat s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;1. Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;2. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;3. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands;4. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ ''t Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands;1. Institute of Chemistry, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany;2. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Magdeburg, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Two new preparation techniques for total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) element determination of single freshwater crustacean specimens (dry weight: 3–40 μg ind−1) have been developed and tested using Daphnia pulex from a deep, oligotrophic freshwater lake located in southern Chile. Dry method: Specimens were washed with 0.2 μm filtered lake water and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The freeze-dried Daphnia specimens were weighed using an ultra-fine microbalance and placed on quartz glass carriers for TXRF analysis. Wet method: Specimens were washed with 0.2 μm filtered lake water and placed on quartz glass carriers for TXRF analysis and dried in air. The dry weight was determined using the previously established body length–dry weight relationship. Method validation for both the dry and the wet preparation method in combination with TXRF spectrometry for the element determination in small single freshwater crustaceans showed that both methods can be used for routine investigations. There were no significant differences between the dry and the wet methods concerning the elements Ca, K, Fe, Zn, Br, P, Cu, but the determination of Mn, S and Sr revealed significant differences between the two methods. It seems that the dry method yields more precise results, but the wet method is easier to handle in the field when samples cannot be fixed with liquid nitrogen. |
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