Mechanism of vaporization of yttrium and rare earth elements in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry |
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| Institution: | 1. Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts;2. Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Currently at SycnovAte, Inc., Litchfield, New Hampshire;3. Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Currently at Gilead Sciences, Incorporated, Foster City, California;4. Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Currently at Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana;1. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan;2. International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The mechanism of vaporization of yttrium and the rare earth elements (REEs) has been studied using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The appearance temperatures for Y and the REEs obtained by GFAAS were generally identical to the appearance temperatures obtained using ETV-ICP-MS. At lower temperatures, Y and the REEs are predominantly vaporized in atomic form or as oxides, while at temperatures above 2500°C, the elements are vaporized as oxides and/or carbides. This accounts for the very high sensitivity of ETV-ICP-MS compared to GFAAS for the determination of these elements. Absolute limits of detection for Y and all of the REEs using ETV-ICP-MS ranged from 0.002 pg for Tm to 0.2 pg for Ce. The use of freon as a chemical modifier was effective in controlling analyte carbide formation and reducing memory effects. |
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