On the compensation effect |
| |
Authors: | Ravindra K Agrawal |
| |
Institution: | (1) Chemical Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, 60439 Argonne, Illinois, USA |
| |
Abstract: | Arrhenius equation is popularly used to relate the change in the rate constant with temperature. The linearized form of Arrhenius equation has often been used to establish a relation between InA andE for a series of related reactions. Occurrence of such a compensating behavior between InA andE has been widely reported in the literature. The validity of the compensation effect has been heatedly debated. Compensation effect can arise from computational artifact or can arise from various chemical factors. This depends entirely on the data set used to establish the compensation behavior. This article stresses the importance of statistical analysis and the use of simple Arrhenius plots to draw conclusions regarding the occurrence of compensation effect. With the help of a few examples, some checkpoints to draw conclusions regarding the occurrence of true or false compensation effect are suggested.
Zusammenfassung Die Arrhenius-Gleichung wird gewöhnlich zur Beschreibung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Geschwindigkeitskonstante und Temperatur benutzt. Die linearisierte Form der Arrhenius-Gleichung wurde dazu benutzt, eine Beziehung zwischen InA undE für eine Reihe von Reaktionen des gleichen Typs aufzustellen. Ein solches Kompensationsverhalten von InA undE wurde in der Literatur beschrieben, die Realität des Kompensationseffektes war jedoch Gegenstand heftiger Debatten. Ein Kompensationseffekt kann durch ein Rechenartefakt vorgetäuscht oder aber durch verschiedene chemische Faktoren bedingt sein. Dies hängt ausschließlich von der für den Nachweis des Kompensationsverhaltens aufgestellten Datenfolge ab. Dieser Artikel unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit der statistischen Analyse und die Verwendung einfacher Arrheniusgeraden für sich auf das Vorliegen eines Kompensationseffektes beziehende Schlußfolgerungen. An Hand einiger Beispiele werden einige Kontrollmöglichkeiten zur Unterscheidung tatsächlicher und vorgetäuschter Kompensationseffekte aufgezeigt.
![Rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1056.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![yucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1102.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![Ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1059.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1040.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![Lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1051.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) In ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1103.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1057.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) In ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) . ![Scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1057.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1101.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1103.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zhcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) . ![Kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1050.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1101.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1078.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1073.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![khcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1093.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![Ecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1069.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) , ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![softcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1100.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1102.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1101.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![Ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1100.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ycy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1096.gif) ![vcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1101.gif) ![fcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/t28248403u872531/xxlarge1090.gif) .
|
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|