先进材料及其应用研究进展

论述了极限材料、智能材料、复合材料及梯度功能材料等先进材料的开发与应用研究进展.超微粒子和纳米材料等极限材料具有巨大的表面积,因而具有特殊的磁、光、电、热特性,已成为新材料的基本组元;非晶材料则具有很高的强度,良好的电磁特性和耐腐蚀特性.形状记忆材料、压电材料、电(磁)流变体、光纤、储氢金属等智能材料具有特殊的热、力、电、磁、光效应,是智能元件和智能结构的重要组分.定向凝固复合材料属平衡反应型复合材料,晶界少,具有良好的热稳定性和抗疲劳性,是理想的高温材料.梯度功能材料的成分、组织及化学、力学、热学性能也呈梯度变化,可缓和应力集中,延长使用寿命,成分的梯度变化,也赋予材料一些特殊性质,材料制作与性能评价方法将是梯度功能材料今后研究的重点.

Progress of research on advanced materials and their applications

This paper deals with the progress of research on advanced materials (limiting materials, intelligent materials, composite and gradient functional materials etc.)and their applications. Super-microparticals and nanomaterials are basic elements of advanced materials since those materials have immense surface and special magnetic, optical, electrical, thermal properties. Amorphous materials have high strength and good properties of electromagnetism and corrosion-resistant. The intelligent materials of shape memory materials, piezoelectric materials, electro(magnet)-rheological fluids, optical fiber, hydrogen-absoprtive metals, etc. have special thermal, mechanic, electrical, magnetic, optical effects, and are important component parts of intelligent elements and structures. Directed solidifying composite obtained by equilibrium reaction is good and high temperature material since it has little grain boundary, good thermal stability and is fatigue-resistant. The composition, microstructure and mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of gradient function material change gradually from one side to another, therefore, its stress concentration is gentle slope and its service life is longer. At the same time, some special properties were given to this material for its gradual change of the composition. The methods of synthesizing material and evaluating property will be key of further study for gradient function materials.perdealswiththeprogresso