LES Validation from Experiments

This paper addresses issues relating to the validation of LES from experiments. It highlights the differences between large eddy simulations (LES) and Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations (RANS) and how LES puts higher demands on the validation process than RANS. Some popular validation experiments are outlined, which are part of the Workshop on Turbulent Non-Premixed Flames. Important features of validation experiments are discussed to help modellers with the selection of suitable experiments, and experimentalists with the design. An LES validation using the typical approach is then presented, together with some unusual, more innovative approaches that deviate from common RANS practice. The final section considers experimental errors, with examples of their effects, and how LES can contribute to their analysis and compensation. This paper does not aim to provide a complete review of the field, but rather to communicate some ideas that were presented at an invited Workshop presentation.