Preparation and characterization of cationic nanofibrillated cellulose from etherification and high-shear disintegration processes |
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Authors: | T T T Ho T Zimmermann R Hauert W Caseri |
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Institution: | (1) Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Wood Laboratory, Duebendorf, Switzerland;(2) Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Nanoscale Materials Science, Duebendorf, Switzerland;(3) ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Polymer, Zurich, Switzerland |
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Abstract: | Oat straw cellulose pulp was cationized in an etherification reaction with chlorocholine chloride. The cationized cellulose
pulp was then mechanically disintegrated in two process steps to obtain trimethylammonium-modified nanofibrillated cellulose
(TMA-NFC). The materials thus obtained were analyzed by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other techniques. A higher nitrogen content of TMA-NFC samples was
found by XPS analysis than by elemental analysis, which indicates that the modification occurred mainly on the surface of
cellulose fibrils. XPS also confirmed the existence of ammonium groups in the samples. SEM provided images of very fine network
structures of TMA-NFC, which affirmed the positive effect of ionic charge on mechanical disintegration process. According
to XRD and SEM results, no severe degradation of the cellulose occurred, even at high reaction temperatures. Because of the
different properties of the cationic NFC compared to negatively charged native cellulose fibers, TMA-NFC may find broad applications
in technical areas, for instance in combination with anionic species, such as fillers or dyes. Indeed, TMA-NFC seems to improve
the distribution of clay fillers in NFC matrix. |
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