The Norton–Simon hypothesis and the onset of non-genetic resistance to chemotherapy induced by stochastic fluctuations |
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Authors: | Alberto d’Onofrio Alberto Gandolfi Sara Gattoni |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy;2. Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica ‘A. Ruberti’ - CNR, Viale Manzoni 30, 00185 Roma, Italy;3. Department of Mathematics, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 7, I40126 Bologna, Italy |
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Abstract: | By studying a simple but realistic biophysical model of tumor growth in the presence of a constant continuous chemotherapy, we show that if an extended Norton–Simon hypothesis holds, the system may have multiple equilibria. Thus, the stochastic bounded fluctuations that affect both the tumor carrying capacity and/or the drug pharmacodynamics (and/or the drug pharmacokinetics) may cause the transition from a small equilibrium to a far larger one, not compatible with the life of the host. In particular, we mainly investigated the effects of fluctuations that involve parameters nonlinearly affecting the deterministic model. We propose to frame the above phenomena as a new and non-genetic kind of resistance to chemotherapy. |
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Keywords: | Tumor Chemotherapy Noise-induced transitions Bounded noises Norton&ndash Simon hypothesis |
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