Isoconversional analysis of solid state transformations

There are many mathematical methods to determine the activation energy from non-isothermal experiments. However, controversies arise over the different values obtained by these methods. We will show that the origin of these discrepancies is either inaccurate approximations of the so-called temperature integral or the occurrence of complex transformations. We will review and compare the most commonly used methods. For those methods that lack accuracy, we will introduce simple numerical modifications to make them exact. In addition, we will introduce a new method that allows easy and accurate determination of the activation energy.