Differential scanning calorimetry of chloroquine sulphate exposed to sun,heat and ultraviolet radiation |
| |
Authors: | I. O. Edafiogho G. Mulokozi A. M. Mubokozi S. Diete-Spiff |
| |
Affiliation: | (1) Department of Pharmacology, University of sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria;(2) Department of chemistry, University of sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria |
| |
Abstract: | Chloroquine sulphate, like the phosphate, is an antimalarial formulation widely used in the tropics. The stability of such formulations is therefore of interest in the combat against malaria. A DSC study has been made of the effects of exposure to the sun, heat and UV radiation on the stability of chloroquine sulphate, similarly as performed earlier for chloroquine phosphate. When freshly recrystallized from a water-acetone mixture, chloroquine sulphate exhibits two endothermic peaks, at 169.4° and 204.7°, for the expulsion of crystal water (one molecule) and for the melting process, respectively. The exposure of chloroquine sulphate to the sun, heat and UV radiation leads to splitting of the peak for melting.
Zusammenfassung Chloroquine-Sulfat ist ebenso wie das entsprechende Phosphatderivat ein in den Tropen weitverbreitet angewandtes Antimalaria-Präparat. Die Stabilität dieses Präparates hat damit Bedeutung für die Malariabekämpfung. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Erweiterung einer Untersuchung über den Effekt der Einwirkung.von Sonne, Hitze und UV-Strahlen auf die Stabilität von Chloroquine-Phosphat auf Chloroquine-Sulfat. Aus Wasser-Aceton-Mischungen frisch kristallisiertes Chloroquine-Sulfat zeigt zwei endotherme Peaks bei 169,4 und 204,7 °C, die durch Abgabe von Kristallwasser (ein Molekül) bzw. durch den Schmelzvorgang bedingt sind. Wird Chloroquine-Sulfat der Sonne, Wärme oder UV-Licht ausgesetzt, so wird der dem Schmelzvorgang zuzuscheibende Peak aufgespalten.
![Rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1056.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![yucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1102.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) ![KHcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1061.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1100.gif) ![fcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) , ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![fcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![fcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) -![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![yacy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1103.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![jcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![shcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) . ![Dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1044.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![softcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1100.gif) ![bcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1073.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yacy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1103.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![bcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![jcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1081.gif) ![chcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![bcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![tscy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1094.gif) , ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1059.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![jcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1081.gif) ![chcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![khcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1093.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1100.gif) ![fcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![KHcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1061.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1100.gif) ![fcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) , ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1078.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) , ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1101.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) 169,4 204,7°, ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) , ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1076.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Dcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1044.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![khcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1093.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1100.gif) ![fcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1092.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![chcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1075.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![tcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1059.gif) ![ocy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shchcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j75r4x65827u1766/xxlarge1080.gif) .
|
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|