Effects of NH3, O2, and N2 co-implantation on Cu out-diffusion and antimicrobial properties of copper plasma-implanted polyethylene |
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Authors: | Wei Zhang Junhui Ji Qing Yan A Moewes Paul K Chu |
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Institution: | a Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China b Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China c School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China d Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China e Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences-Ural Division, S. Kovalevskaya street 18, 620041 Yekaterinburg, Russia f Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada |
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Abstract: | Metal antibacterial reagents are effective in the enhancement of the antimicrobial properties of medical polymers. However, incorporation of metal antibacterial reagents into polymers using conventional methods usually results in unstable antimicrobial effects. Our previous research demonstrates that plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) can be used to effectively incorporate metal antibacterial reagents such as Cu into polyethylene (PE) in the near surface region up to several hundred nanometers without causing noticeable damage to the polymer matrix. In this work, various gases including NH3, O2, and N2 were plasma-implanted in concert with Cu plasma immersion ion implantation to study the effects of these gas species on the release rate of Cu from the substrate. Our experimental results reveal that the copper depth profiles are not affected significantly by NH3, O2, or N2 co-implantation and these gas elements have similar depth profiles as Cu. Chemical analyses demonstrate that polar functional CO, CO, CN, CN, and CN bonds formed in the substrate play an important role in regulating Cu out-diffusion. Among the three gas species, N2 shows the best effects in regulating Cu out-diffusion and produces the best long term antibacterial properties. The Cu retention and out-diffusion mechanism in the ion-implanted polyethylene is described. |
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Keywords: | 82 35 -x Polymers: properties Reactions polymerization 52 25 -b Plasma properties 87 15 -v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties |
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