Fabrication of pulsed-laser deposited V-W-Nd mixed-oxide films

V-W-Nd mixed-oxide films were prepared by pulse-laser deposition (PLD) technique from the targets sintered at different temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicate that the films fabricated from the targets sintered at low temperature were composed of various mixed valences. Raman spectroscopy shows that V-W-Nd films were composed of the vanadates as NdVO₄, and the W⁶⁺ doping supplements the formation of vanadate. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of the films fabricated from the target sintered at 923 K reveals the average particle size is estimated around 86 nm. The surface morphology of the films roughness shows a dramatic change at 923-943 K.