Natural and artificial light-harvesting systems utilizing the functions of carotenoids |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan;2. Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Avenue G12 8QQ, United Kingdom;1. Department of Chemistry CB#3290, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States;2. Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;1. Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione dell''Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM), via F. Stagno d''Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;2. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayergasse 9/V, 8010 Graz, Austria;3. Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, Km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy;1. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;2. Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy;3. Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy;4. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Firenze, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Carotenoids are essential pigments in natural photosynthesis. They absorb in the blue–green region of the solar spectrum and transfer the absorbed energy to (bacterio-)chlorophylls, and so expand the wavelength range of light that is able to drive photosynthesis. This process is an example of singlet–singlet energy transfer and so carotenoids serve to enhance the overall efficiency of photosynthetic light reactions. Carotenoids also act to protect photosynthetic organisms from the harmful effects of excess exposure to light. In this case, triplet–triplet energy transfer from (bacterio-)chlorophyll to carotenoid plays a key role in this photoprotective reaction. In the light-harvesting pigment–protein complexes from purple photosynthetic bacteria and chlorophytes, carotenoids have an additional role, namely the structural stabilization of those complexes. In this article we review what is currently known about how carotenoids discharge these functions. The molecular architecture of photosynthetic systems will be outlined to provide a basis from which to describe the photochemistry of carotenoids, which underlies most of their important functions in photosynthesis. Then, the possibility to utilize the functions of carotenoids in artificial photosynthetic light-harvesting systems will be discussed. Some examples of the model systems are introduced. |
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