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Monitoring of metabolic profiling and water status of Hayward kiwifruits by nuclear magnetic resonance |
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| Authors: | D Capitani N Proietti A Tomassini ME Di Cocco R De Salvador |
| Institution: | a Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “Annalaura Segre”, CNR, I-00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy c Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy d CRA Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Via Fioranello 5, I-00134 Rome, Italy |
| Abstract: | The metabolic profiling of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa, Hayward cultivar) aqueous extracts and the water status of entire kiwifruits were monitored over the season (June-December) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodologies. The metabolic profiling of aqueous kiwifruit extracts was investigated by means of high field NMR spectroscopy. A large number of water-soluble metabolites were assigned by means of 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The change in the metabolic profiles monitored over the season allowed the kiwifruit development to be investigated. Specific temporal trends of aminoacids, sugars, organic acids and other metabolites were observed.The water status of kiwifruits was monitored directly on the intact fruit measuring the T2 spin-spin relaxation time by means of a portable unilateral NMR instrument, fully non-invasive. Again, clear trends of the relaxation time were observed during the monitoring period.The results show that the monitoring of the metabolic profiling and the monitoring of the water status are two complementary means suitable to have a complete view of the investigated fruit. |
| Keywords: | AA ascorbic acid ATP adenosine tri-phosphate ALA alanine ARG arginine ASN asparagine ASP aspartate CHN choline CA citric acid COSY correlated spectroscopy CPMG Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill DOSY diffusion ordered spectroscopy αFRUfu d-fructofuranose" target="_blank">α-d-fructofuranose βFRUfu d-fructofuranose" target="_blank">β-d-fructofuranose βFRUpy d-fructopyranose" target="_blank">β-d-fructopyranose FRU6P fructose-6-phosphate αGAL α-galactose βGAL β-galactose GAL-U galactose-U GARP globally optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse GLUtCA d-glucopyranosyl-trans-caffeic acid" target="_blank">O3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-trans-caffeic acid GLUcCA d-glucopyranosyl-cis-caffeic acid" target="_blank">O3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-cis-caffeic acid αGLC α-glucose βGLC β-glucose αGLC6P α-glucose-6-phosphate βGLC6P β-glucose-6-phosphate GLU glutamate GLN glutamine HMBC heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation HSQC heteronuclear single quantum coherence ILE isoleucine LA lactic acid LEU leucine LYS lysine MA malic acid αMAN α-mannose βMAN β-mannose MI myo-inositol NOESY nuclear overhauser and exchange spectroscopy PGSE pulsed field gradient spin echo QA quinic acid RAF raffinose RIB ribose SHA shikimic acid SUCR sucrose THR threonine TOCSY total correlation spectroscopy TRP triptophane TSP trimethylsilylpropionate URI uridine VAL valine αXYL α-xylose βXYL β-xylose |
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