Common methods for the chiral determination of amphetamine and related compounds I. Gas, liquid and thin-layer chromatography |
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| Authors: | Justyna Ma?gorzata P?otka Marek Biziuk |
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| Affiliation: | Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; School of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland |
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| Abstract: | This article reviews the most common, useful methods for the chiral determination of amphetamine (AM) and AM-derived designer drugs in different of matrix, including blood, hair, urine, medicaments or standard solutions, taking into consideration articles published in the past 15 years. We consider chromatographic methods (e.g., gas, liquid, high-performance liquid, and thin layer). We describe several types of chiral derivatization reagent, mobile-phase additive and chiral stationary phase commonly used in the chromatographic methods. Tables summarize basic information about conditions (e.g., type of column and mobile phase), detection mode and reference data for each procedure. |
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| Keywords: | AITC, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-arabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate AM, Amphetamine AQC, 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate B, Blood CB, 4-carbethoxyhexafluorobutyryl CD, Cyclodextrin CE, Capillary electrophoresis CE-β-CD, Carboxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin CF, Cyclufructan chiral-CBH, Chiral protein phase CICS, Complexation induced shift CMPA, Chiral Mobile-Phase-Addictive CM-β-CD, Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin CNS, Central Nervous System CPS, Chiral stationary phase DAD, Diode array detector DAS-β-CD, Heptakis-(2,6-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclodextrin DMA, Dimethylamphetamine d-MTPA, d-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride DM-β-CD, Heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin Dns-Cl, Dansyl chloride DOM, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine EP, Ephedrine FDAA, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-l-alaninamide FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate FLD, Fluorescence detector FMOC, 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate FMOC-L-Pro, 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate-L-proline FS, Forensic sample GC, Gas chromatography GITC, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate H, Hair HMA, Hydroxyamphetamine HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography HP-β-CD, Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ICA, Itaconic acid IR, Infrared L, Liver Leu, Leucine l-FLEC, l-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate l-HFBOPCl, 2S,4R-N-heptafluorobutyryl-4-heptafluorobutyloxy-prolyl chloride l-HPC, (S)-(&minus )-N-(heptafluorobutyryl)prolyl chloride LIF, Laser-induced fluorescence LLE, Liquid-liquid extraction l-MTPA, l-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride LSR, Lanthanide shift reagents l-TPC, Trifluoroacethyl-l-prolyl chloride MAA, Methacrylic acid MAM, Methamphetamine MBDB, Methylenedioxyphenyl-N-methyl-2-butanamine MBTFA, N-Methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) MDA, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDEA, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MECK, Micellar electrokinetic chromatography MIP, Molecularly imprinted polymers MS, Mass spectrometry M-β-CD, Methyl-β-cyclodextrin NAC, N-acetyl-Lcysteine NEP, Norephedrine NICI, Negative-ion chemical ionization NITC, Naphthyl isothiocyanate N-MEP, N-methylephedrine N-MPEP, N-methylpseudoephedrine NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance NP, Normal phase NQS, 1,2-napthoquinone 4-sulfonate OPA, O-phthalaldehyde P, Plasma PEA, Phenylethylamine PEP, Pseudoephedrine PFBBr, Pentafluorobenzyl bromide PFP, Pentafluoropropionic PFPA, Pentafluoropropionic anhydride Ph, Pharmaceuticals p-HMAM, p-hydroxymethamphetamine PITC, Phenyl isothiocyanate p-L-SUCILS, polysodium N-undecenoyl-L-isoleucine sulfate p-L-SUCLS, N-undecenoyl-L-leucine sulfate p-L-SUCVS, N-undecenoyl-L-valine sulfate PMA, 4-methoxy-amphetamine PMMA, N-methyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane RM, Rifamycin B ROESY, Overhauser spectroscopy RP, Reversed phase S, Standard solution S,S-PDITC, S,2S-N-[(2-isothiocyanato)-cyclohexyl)] pivalinoyl amide SCX, Strong cation-exchange SO, Mass selector SPE, Solid-phase extraction SPME, Solid-phase microextraction SU(XIII)-γ-CD, Sulfated γ-cyclodextrin TAA, Tetraalkylammonium TBA, Tetrabutylammonium TLC, Thin layer chromatography T, Tablets U, Urine UVD, Variable wavelength detector |
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