Electrochemistry combined on-line with atomic mass spectrometry and related techniques for trace-metal analysis and electrode-reaction studies |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Building E13, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;3. Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece;4. Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece;5. Department of Chemistry, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, FERMiO, Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway;6. Instituto Nacional del Carbon, Apartado 73, 33080 Oviedo, Spain;7. School of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece;1. University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, W. Ostwaldi Str. 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;2. Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;3. Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Geology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;4. University of Heidelberg, Institute of Environmental Physics, Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;5. Viimsi Vesi Ltd., Nelgi Str. 1, Viimsi parish, 74001 Harju County, Estonia;6. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Budaörsi út 45., H-1112 Budapest, Hungary. |
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| Abstract: | Electrochemistry (EC) combined on-line with atomic mass spectrometry (MS) and related techniques (e.g., inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ICP–AES) affords an avenue for analysis of metals present at ultratrace levels and the effective elimination of matrix effects detrimental to atomic MS and spectrometric techniques. In addition, electrode reactions involving inorganic species can be conveniently studied, and analyte accumulated and released from adsorbates or electroactive thin films can be accurately quantified.This review summarizes recent advances based on EC coupled with atomic MS and related techniques for trace-metal analysis and studies of electrode processes. Particular emphasis is placed on EC combined with ICP–MS (EC–ICP–MS) and electrospray–MS (EC–ES–MS). I describe criteria for selecting the suitable EC flow-cell designs and the MS sample-introduction systems or interfaces. The versatility of this hyphenated technique is well reflected in the different systems studied and the possibility of electrolytic and non-electrolytic accumulation of trace analytes for subsequent sensitive MS detections. |
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