制动磨损源大气颗粒物排放的研究进展 |
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引用本文: | 肖叶龙,成煜,赵火平,沈明学. 制动磨损源大气颗粒物排放的研究进展[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2022, 42(6): 1290-1304. DOI: 10.16078/j.tribology.2021214 |
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作者姓名: | 肖叶龙 成煜 赵火平 沈明学 |
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作者单位: | 1.华东交通大学 材料科学与工程学院, 江西 南昌 330013 |
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基金项目: | 国家自然科学基金项目(52105184, 51805170)、国铁集团科技研发计划重点课题(N2021T012)、江西省自然科学基金项目(20212BAB214010, 20212ACB214003)和江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ200607)资助. |
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摘 要: | 交通运输工具种类及数量的持续增长,势必会给环境保护带来严重的影响.交通运输工具于摩擦制动过程释放的制动磨损颗粒物(即制动粉尘)已成为城市大气颗粒物的重要贡献源,显著影响着城市的空气质量.为贯彻落实绿色发展理念,探索制动磨损源大气颗粒物排放的控制措施,需深入了解颗粒物排放的准确信息.基于此,本文中综述了近年来以制动磨损为源头的大气颗粒物排放研究进展.首先,从机理层面介绍了制动过程中磨屑的衍化,简述了摩擦层的形成机制和制动粉尘的来源及排放特性;其次,重点阐述了制动器结构、材料类型、外界环境、制动速度和制动载荷等因素对制动磨损源大气颗粒物排放的影响,分析了各因素对大气颗粒物排放特性(如颗粒形貌、颗粒尺寸和颗粒浓度等)的影响规律;最后,提出了制动磨损源大气颗粒物排放研究需要加强的几方面内容.
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关 键 词: | 大气颗粒物 制动磨损 摩擦副材料 排放特征 影响因素 |
收稿时间: | 2021-09-13 |
Airborne Brake Wear Particle Emissions: A Review |
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Affiliation: | 1.School of Material Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Jiangxi Nanchang 330013, China2.Key Laboratory of Conveyance and Equipment, Ministry of Education, East China Jiaotong University, Jiangxi Nanchang 330013, China |
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Abstract: | A steady growth in the type and number of transportation vehicles is bound to have profound impacts on environmental protection. Brake wear debris, generating from transportation vehicles during friction braking, has become an important contribution source of airborne brake wear particles and significantly affects the air quality in cites. In order to implement the concept of green development and explore measures to control airborne particle emissions during friction braking, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of airborne brake wear particle emissions. Hence, the recent progress in airborne particles, generating from friction fair materials during friction braking, was summarized in this study. Firstly, the evolution of wear debris during braking was introduced from the angle of mechanism. The formation mechanism of the friction layer, and the generation and emission characteristics of brake wear debris were briefly described. Secondly, the effects of brake structure, material types, external environment, braking speed and applied load on airborne brake wear particle emissions were elaborated, and the influences of these factors on the emission characteristics (such as particle morphology, particle size and particle concentration) of airborne particles during braking were expounded. Finally, several aspects of research on airborne brake wear particle emissions were proposed. Airborne particles, causing harmful effects such as carcinogenesis and respiratory disease in men, are the primary source of air pollution in cities. Traffic-generated emissions, arising from exhaust and non-exhaust sources, are one of the major contributors to airborne particulate matter. As a consequence of progressive reductions in exhaust emissions, the relative importance of non-exhaust traffic-related emissions (such as those from brake wear, road wear and tyre wear) has increased. Among them, brake wear particles account for a large part of non-exhaust particle emissions in urban areas. Evaluation of airborne particle emissions during braking is helpful to assess the degree of air pollution, and provide the experimental basis and theoretical guidance for limiting and controlling airborne particle emissions during friction braking. Additionally, the study helps to promote the development of green tribology. This work expounded upon the derivation and emission process of airborne brake wear particles from the perspective of tribology, summarized the influences of various factors on the formation and emission of airborne brake wear particles, and discussed the formation and emission mechanism of airborne brake wear particles in detail. The trends of the formation and emission of airborne brake wear particles were comprehensively elaborated, owing to the changes of brake structure, material types, external environment, braking speed and applied load. Based on the research findings of the wear mechanism, the formation and emission behavior of airborne particles during braking were described. In addition, it also introduced the recent research results of domestic and foreign scholars on airborne particle emissions during braking, and summarized the laws of the formation and emission characteristics of airborne brake wear particles. Finally, this work reiterated the importance of airborne brake wear particles in tribological research, and proposed the development trend of airborne brake wear particles. Brake wear debris is an inevitable product during braking process, it participates in the formation of the friction layer or is freely discharged into the atmosphere, depending on its physicochemical properties and movement state. A lot of research on the formation of the friction layer and the emission of brake wear debris has been done in recent years. The formation of the friction layer is mainly associated with the adhesion phenomenon and friction thermal effect of friction surfaces. The adhesion phenomenon induces material transfer between the sliding surfaces during braking. The accumulation of frictional heat, commonly occurring near the hard phase of friction surfaces, are sufficient to activate the formation of the friction layer and the tribo-chemical reactions of the surface materials. The movement trace determines the emission characteristic of brake wear debris, it is can be easy to escape from the friction surface when its initial direction is toward the edge of the friction pair. Several factors affect both physicochemical characteristics and generation rates of airborne brake wear particles. The structure of the brake significantly influence airborne brake wear particle emissions. In general, the emissions are higher from disc brakes than drum brakes for a given set of conditions. The transition in the wear mechanism of friction pair materials depends on material types, external environment and braking parameters, resulting in the different emission characteristics of airborne wear particles originating from friction braking. Air pollution has been increasingly associated with diverse adverse health outcomes. Brake wear debris, generating from transportation vehicles during friction braking, has become the primary source of air pollution in most cities. Airborne brake wear particle emissions have been studied and characterized, while some of the technological improvements have resulted in a reduction of their emissions in some developed countries. However, in China, their emissions have not yet been adequately studied, and several questions regarding emission characteristics, emission factors and possible adverse health effects of airborne brake wear particles still remain unanswered. Hence, China scholars should pay attention to the environmental impacts of airborne brake wear particles, thoroughly investigate emission characteristics of airborne brake wear particles, systematically analyze the formation and emission mechanism of airborne brake wear particles, and explore measures to reduce and control their emissions. |
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