Parahydrogen‐Based Hyperpolarization for Biomedicine |
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| Authors: | Prof. Dr. Jan‐Bernd Hövener Dr. Andrey N. Pravdivtsev Dr. Bryce Kidd Prof. C. Russell Bowers Dr. Stefan Glöggler Dr. Kirill V. Kovtunov Dr. Markus Plaumann Prof. Rachel Katz‐Brull Dr. Kai Buckenmaier Prof. Alexej Jerschow Dr. Francesca Reineri Prof. Thomas Theis Prof. Roman V. Shchepin Prof. Shawn Wagner Prof. Pratip Bhattacharya Prof. Niki M. Zacharias Prof. Eduard Y. Chekmenev |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany;2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA;4. Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G?ttingen, Germany;5. Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, G?ttingen, Germany;6. International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia;7. Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia;8. Department of Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany;9. Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel;10. Magnetic resonance center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany;11. Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA;12. Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy;13. Department of Chemistry & Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;14. Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA;15. Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA;16. Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA;17. Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia;18. Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) and Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA |
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| Abstract: | Magnetic resonance (MR) is one of the most versatile and useful physical effects used for human imaging, chemical analysis, and the elucidation of molecular structures. However, its full potential is rarely used, because only a small fraction of the nuclear spin ensemble is polarized, that is, aligned with the applied static magnetic field. Hyperpolarization methods seek other means to increase the polarization and thus the MR signal. A unique source of pure spin order is the entangled singlet spin state of dihydrogen, parahydrogen (pH2), which is inherently stable and long‐lived. When brought into contact with another molecule, this “spin order on demand” allows the MR signal to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude. Considerable progress has been made in the past decade in the area of pH2‐based hyperpolarization techniques for biomedical applications. It is the goal of this Review to provide a selective overview of these developments, covering the areas of spin physics, catalysis, instrumentation, preparation of the contrast agents, and applications. |
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| Keywords: | hyperpolarization magnetic resonance imaging NMR spectroscopy parahydrogen |
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