Reduced distortion artifact whole brain CBF mapping using blip-reversed non-segmented 3D echo planar imaging with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling |
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| Institution: | 1. Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.;2. Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA.;1. Division of Mathematical oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, CA, USA;2. Department of Radiology and Imaging, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India;3. Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India;4. Department of Neurosurgery, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India;5. SRL Diagnostics, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India;6. Philips Health System, Philips India Limited, Gurgaon, India;1. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;2. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;1. Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China;1. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy;2. Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR - Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy;3. Laboratory of Medical Physics and Biotechnologies for Magnetic Resonance, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy;4. Imago7 Foundation, Pisa, Italy;1. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan;3. Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Faculty of Science & Engineering, East West University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh |
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| Abstract: | PurposeTo implement and evaluate interleaved blip-up, blip-down, non-segmented 3D echo planar imaging (EPI) with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) and post-processing for reduced susceptibility artifact cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps.Materials and methods3D EPI non-segmented acquisition with a pCASL labeling sequence was modified to include alternating k-space coverage along phase encoding direction (referred to as “blip-reversed”) for alternating dynamic acquisitions of control and label pairs. Eight volunteers were imaged on a 3T scanner. Images were corrected for distortion using spatial shifting transformation of the underlying field map. CBF maps were calculated and compared with maps obtained without blip reversal using matching gray matter (GM) images from a high resolution 3D scan. Additional benefit of using the correction for alternating blip-up and blip-down acquisitions was assessed by comparing to corrected blip-up only and corrected blip-down only CBF maps. Matched Student t-test of overlapping voxels for the eight volunteers was done to ascertain statistical improvement in distortion.ResultsMean CBF value in GM for the eight volunteers from distortion corrected CBF maps was 50.8 ± 9.9 ml/min/100 gm tissue. Corrected CBF maps had 6.3% and 4.1% more voxels in GM when compared with uncorrected blip up (BU) and blip down (BD) images, respectively. Student t-test showed significant reduction in distortion when compared with blip-up images and blip-down images (p < 0.001). When compared with corrected BU and corrected BD only CBF maps, BU and BD corrected maps had 2.3% and 1% more voxels (p = 0.006 and 0.04, respectively).ConclusionPseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling with non-segmented 3D EPI acquisition using alternating blip-reversed k-space traversal and distortion correction provided significantly better matching GM CBF maps. In addition, employing alternating blip-reversed acquisitions during pCASL acquisition resulted in statistically significant improvement over corrected blip-up and blip-down CBF maps. |
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