Measurement of APT using a combined CERT-AREX approach with varying duty cycles |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, United States;2. Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States;3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States;4. Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Germany;5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States;6. Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States;1. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;2. Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany;3. Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd., Shenzhen, China;1. Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;2. Christian Michelsen Research, Bergen, Norway;3. Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway;4. Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway;5. Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;6. Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway;7. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;8. MedViz Research Cluster, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;1. Department of Radiology, Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands;2. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands;1. Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India;2. Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India;3. Department of Radio-diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India;4. Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India;1. Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430000, China;2. Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430000, China;3. Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832008, China |
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| Abstract: | The goal is to develop an imaging method where contrast reflects amide-water magnetization exchange, with minimal signal contributions from other sources. Conventional chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging of amides (often called amide proton transfer, or APT, and quantified by the metric MTRasym) is confounded by several factors unrelated to amides, such as aliphatic protons, water relaxation, and macromolecular magnetization transfer. In this work, we examined the effects of combining our previous chemical exchange rotation (CERT) approach with the non-linear AREX method while using different duty cycles (DC) for the label and reference scans. The dependencies of this approach, named AREXdouble,vdc, on tissue parameters, including T1, T2, semi-solid component concentration (fm), relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement (rNOE), and nearby amines, were studied through numerical simulations and control sample experiments at 9.4 T and 1 μT irradiation. Simulations and experiments show that AREXdouble,vdc is sensitive to amide-water exchange effects, but is relatively insensitive to T1, T2, fm, nearby amine, and distant aliphatic protons, while the conventional metric MTRasym, as well as several other APT imaging methods, are significantly affected by at least some of these confounding factors. |
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