Occurrence of synthetic hormones in sewage effluents and Langat River and its tributaries,Malaysia |
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| Authors: | Najat Ahmed Al-Odaini Mohamad Ismail Yaziz Salmijah Surif Narayanan Kannan |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center of Excellence for Environmental Forensics, Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM, Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia;2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Sana'a University , Sana'a , Yemen;3. Center of Excellence for Environmental Forensics, Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM, Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia;4. Faculty of Science and Technology , School of Environment and Natural Resources Sciences, Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia , 43600Bangi, Selangor , Malaysia;5. Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute , 391 Jangmok-ri, Jangmok-myon, Gyeongsangnam do 656-834 Geoje-si, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | This study investigated for the first time the occurrence of selected synthetic hormones including 17α-ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, norethindrone and cyproterone acetate in Malaysian tropical waters. Samples were collected from the effluents of five sewage treatment plants (STPs) and at seven stations along the Langat River in Selangor, Malaysia, and its main tributaries. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In Langat river samples, only levonorgestrel and cyproterone acetate were found at 50% and 3.3% frequency. The concentrations detected for levonorgestrel ranged from less than the method detection limit (?1 and from??1 for cyproterone acetate. For the STP effluent samples, levonorgestrel was ?1 for cyproterone acetate,??1 for norethindrone and??1 for 17α-ethinylestradiol. |
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| Keywords: | synthetic hormones sewage effluents aquatic pollution Malaysian Rivers |
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