X射线物理学

X射线自1895年被发现以来，为科学研究提供了丰富多样的探测和分析手段。随着以同步辐射为代表的先进X射线光源的出现，X射线实验方法不断发展，已经成为推动前沿基础和应用科学研究突破的重要实验手段。文章从X射线与物质的相互作用出发，简要阐述X射线实验方法如何探测不同的物理研究对象，如局域结构、晶体结构、纳米尺度结构、表面界面结构、电子结构、自旋结构等。最后展望更先进的X射线光源为科学研究带来的机遇。

X-ray physics

With the development of advanced X-ray sources such as synchrotron radiation and free electron lasers，X-ray techniques are becoming more and more important as an analytical tool for advancing the frontiers of scientific research. This paper will first describe the interaction between X-rays and matter, then briefly review how X-ray methods work for detecting different physical properties, such as analyzing local, crystal, nanoscale, surface, interface and electron structures. The opportunities in the future, more advanced X-ray sources will bring for research will also be assessed.